Table 4.
Subsample analysis: associations between ‘heart disease and stroke’ and noise adjusted for exposure to nitrogen dioxide
| Heart disease and stroke | Daytime aircraft noise per 10 dB(A) | Night-time aircraft noise per 10 dB(A) | 24 hr road traffic noise per 10 dB(A) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
UK and Netherlands combined |
|
|
|
|
Participants = 1411; Cases = 84 |
|
|
|
| Crude (adjusted for country) |
1.30 (0.98, 1.73) |
1.22 (0.97, 1.53) |
1.32 (0.92, 1.88) |
| Adjusteda |
1.17 (0.86, 1.59) |
1.14 (0.89, 1.45) |
1.28 (0.88, 1.87) |
| Adjusteda plus nitrogen dioxide exposure |
1.24 (0.90, 1.71) |
1.22 (0.95, 1.58) |
0.93 (0.57, 1.53) |
| % change in coefficient (absolute value) |
37% |
54% |
127% |
|
Sweden |
|
|
|
|
Participants = 990; Cases = 53 |
|
|
|
| Crude |
0.71 (0.54, 0.94) |
1.01 (0.71, 1.43) |
1.21 (0.74, 1.99) |
| Adjusteda |
0.73 (0.54, 0.99) |
0.88 (0.61, 1.27) |
1.08 (0.64, 1.80) |
| Adjusteda plus nitrogen dioxide exposure |
0.74 (0.55, 1.01) |
0.93 (0.62, 1.40) |
0.99 (0.56, 1.73) |
| % change in coefficient (absolute value) |
5% |
46% |
117% |
|
≥ 20 years residence |
|
|
|
|
UK and Netherlands combined |
|
|
|
|
Participants = 828; Cases = 52 |
|
|
|
| Crude (adjusted for country) |
1.30 (0.91, 1.87) |
1.38 (1.02, 1.86) |
1.51 (0.97, 2.36) |
| Adjusteda |
1.19 (0.80, 1.77) |
1.33 (0.96, 1.84) |
1.49 (0.91, 2.43) |
| Adjusteda plus nitrogen dioxide exposure |
1.25 (0.82, 1.90) |
1.43 (1.01, 2.01) |
1.14 (0.61, 2.15) |
| % change in coefficient (absolute value) |
29% |
24% |
67% |
|
Sweden |
|
|
|
|
Participants = 480; Cases = 35 |
|
|
|
| Crude |
0.93 (0.62, 1.38) |
1.37 (0.87, 2.14) |
0.95 (0.49, 1.86) |
| Adjusteda |
1.02 (0.64, 1.63) |
1.29 (0.77, 2.15) |
0.80 (0.39, 1.62) |
| Adjusteda plus nitrogen dioxide exposure |
1.03 (0.64, 1.65) |
1.36 (0.78, 2.37) |
0.72 (0.32, 1.62) |
| % change in coefficient (absolute value) | 26% | 21% | 39% |
Associations expressed in odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. % change in coefficient compares adjusted models before and after additional adjustment for nitrogen dioxide.
aAdjusted for age, sex, education, ethnicity, BMI, physical activity (< once/week, 1–3 times/week, > 3 times/week), smoking (never, past, current), alcohol intake (teetotal, 1–7 units/week, 8–14 units/week, >14 units/week; 1 unit = 10 ml pure ethanol). In addition, the aircraft noise models were adjusted for 24 hour road traffic noise and the road traffic noise model was adjusted for night-time aircraft noise.