Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Med. 2014 Apr 20;20(5):524–530. doi: 10.1038/nm.3542

Figure 1. Perinatal antibiotic exposure alters the pattern of microbial colonization in the intestine and attenuates the postnatal granulocytosis.

Figure 1

(a) 16S rDNA copy numbers from the intestinal contents of neonatal mice exposed to combination of 3 (3ABX) or 5 (5ABX) antibiotics or no antibiotics (No ABX) was determined using real-time PCR. (b) Relative abundance of phylum and class level commensal bacteria obtained from 16S rDNA pyrosequencing of the intestinal contents of age- and sex-matched neonatal mice exposed to combination of 5 antibiotics (ABX) or no antibiotics (No ABX). Each bar represents the pooled intestinal contents from > 8 age-defined neonatal mice from more than 3 different litters. (c) Age- and sex-matched neonatal mice exposed to combination of 3 (3ABX) or 5 (5ABX) antibiotics or no antibiotics (No ABX) were examined for number of circulating or (d) bone marrow neutrophils. (e-f) Bone marrows from age- and sex-matched neonatal mice exposed to combination of 3 antibiotics (ABX) or no antibiotics (No ABX) were examined for number of hematopoietic stem cells or lineage committed progenitor cells. Flow cytometry plots are gated on live cells. Representative histograms from 3 separate experiments. (g) Age- and sex-matched neonatal mice exposed to combination of 3 (3ABX) or 5 (5ABX) antibiotics or no antibiotics (No ABX) were examined for plasma G-CSF levels. (h) Age-matched germ free (GF) or conventionalized (CNV) mice or neonatal mice exposed to combination of 5 antibiotics (ABX) were examined for number of circulating or (i) bone marrow neutrophils or (j) plasma G-CSF levels. Data are representative of three independent experiments containing 10-12 mice per group. Results are shown as the means ± s.e.m.