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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Med. 2014 Apr 13;20(5):531–535. doi: 10.1038/nm.3513

Figure 1. Chronic unpredictable stress increases REDD1 and decreases mTORC1 signaling in rat PFC.

Figure 1

(a) Schematic showing how increased REDD1 could result in decreased mTORC1 signaling via Rheb and the TSC1/TSC2 complex (10), and subsequent decreased translation and synaptogenesis. (b) Rats received 21 d of CUS or regular handling (control) then sacrificed 4 h following the final stressor. Results are mean ± SEM fold change of PFC REDD1 mRNA [CUS n=8; Control n=8] and protein [CUS n=10; Control n=12] relative to control. (c) Rats received 1 d of mild stress or handling (control) then sacrificed 4 h following the final stressor. Results are mean ± SEM fold change PFC REDD1 mRNA [1 d mild stress n=6; control n=6] and protein [1 d mild stress n=6; control n=6] relative to control. For (b) and (c), protein levels were normalized to GAPDH, and representative blots are displayed to the right. (d) Rats received 21 d of CUS (n=10) or regular handling (control) (n=12), then sacrificed 4 h following the final stressor. (e) Rats received 1 d mild stress (n=6) or handling (control) (n=6), then sacrificed 4 h following the final stressor. For (d) and (e), phospho-protein levels in PFC were normalized to total protein levels; results are shown as mean (± SEM) fold change. Representative blots are displayed to the right. (*) p < 0.05 (#) p < 0.10 relative to control. Abbreviations: mTORC1, mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; Akt, serine threonine kinase or protein kinase B; S6K, P70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase; 4E-BP1, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1; TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex.