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a RyR open probability, [Ca2+]SR, and sparks. Calcium sparks occur when [Ca2+]SR reaches RyR opening threshold. RyR opening threshold is influenced by the open probability of RyR. Higher open probability lowers the threshold. [Ca2+]SR is affected by total [Ca2+]in and SERCA. b In heart failure [Ca2+]SR is lowered but the RyR open threshold is lowered more extensively rendering [Ca2+]SR higher then threshold
