Table 2.
Changes in diet-induced weight loss with or without aerobic exercise on blood pressure and metabolic parameters.
| CR (n = 18) | CR + Ex (n = 15) | P value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before | After | Before | After | P value¶ | group × time | |
| Av ± SEM | Av ± SEM | Av ± SEM | Av ± SEM | interaction | ||
| Blood pressure | ||||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)† | 136 ± 5 | 124 ± 4** | 130 ± 3 | 123 ± 4 | 0.350 | 0.368 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)† | 85 ± 3 | 78 ± 3* | 81 ± 2 | 77 ± 3 | 0.287 | 0.398 |
| Metabolic parameter | ||||||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 99 ± 2 | 95 ± 2* | 104 ± 4 | 99 ± 2 | 0.179 | 0.678 |
| Insulin (μIU/mL) | 8.2 ± 0.7 | 6.5 ± 0.5* | 9.6 ± 1.4 | 6.5 ± 0.9** | 0.371 | 0.198 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 0.5* | 2.6 ± 1.8 | 1.6 ± 0.9** | 0.151 | |
| OGTT120min-Glucose (mg/dL) | 140 ± 7 | 129 ± 6 | 165 ± 17 | 145 ± 12 | 0.142 | 0.494 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 5.1 ± 0.1 | 5.5 ± 0.1 | 5.3 ± 0.1** | 0.019 | 0.029 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 51 ± 3 | 49 ± 2 | 49 ± 2 | 54 ± 2** | 0.601 | 0.004 |
| Low density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 140 ± 10 | 129 ± 8 | 126 ± 10 | 115 ± 8 | 0.352 | 0.977 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 145 ± 17 | 119 ± 17 | 128 ± 13 | 84 ± 6** | 0.463 | 0.311 |
| Free fatty acid (μEq/L) | 303 ± 61 | 276 ± 55 | 269 ± 60 | 237 ± 53 | 0.701 | 0.905 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 227 ± 12 | 208 ± 10* | 207 ± 12 | 194 ± 9 | 0.263 | 0.509 |
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL)†† | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 2.2 ± 1.1 | 0.696 | 0.625 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL)† | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.1* | 0.130 | 0.027 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 14.6 ± 1.9 | 10.3 ± 1.8*** | 11.4 ± 1.3 | 6.4 ± 0.8*** | 0.205 | 0.541 |
| High-sensitive CRP (ng/mL)# | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.1*** | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1** | 0.864 | 0.537 |
| HMW adiponectin (μg/mL) | 5.1 ± 0.7 | 5.4 ± 0.8 | 5.2 ± 0.7 | 6.0 ± 0.7* | 0.861 | 0.186 |
| PAI-1 (ng/mL)††† | 29.5 ± 3.1 | 24.3 ± 4.1 | 32.8 ± 5.2 | 17.8 ± 2.1** | 0.571 | 0.101 |
CR: calorie restriction-induced weight loss; CR + Ex: calorie restriction-induced weight loss with aerobic exercise; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; hsCRP: high-sensitive CRP; HMW: high-molecular-weight; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.
Before versus after; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.
¶ P value for baseline characteristics (CR group versus CR + Ex group).
#High-sensitive CRP was logarithmically transformed to approximate a normal distribution.
†CR (n = 16), ††CR (n = 17); †††CR (n = 17), CR + Ex (n = 13).