Table 3.

Summary of gait analysis parameters characteristics of clusters.

	Cluster 1	Cluster 2	Cluster 3	Cluster 4	Cluster 5	Normative#
Time-distance parameters
Speed of progression (cm/s)	22.7 ± 9.9*	52.9 ± 23.1	19.2 ± 7.7*	70.8 ± 26.1*	31.8 ± 15.2	127.8 ± 11.2
Cycle time (s)	2.7 ± 0.9	1.7 ± 0.4	2.1 ± 0.7	1.4 ± 0.3*	2.1 ± 0.8	1.1 ± 0.1
Stride length (cm)	55.9 ± 14.1	83.1 ± 17.6*	38.6 ± 14.6*	95.1 ± 18.4*	57.5 ± 15.6	141.2 ± 8.7
Swing time (% stride)	30.2 ± 8.1	38.2 ± 4.5	31.3 ± 7.4	41.7 ± 3.7*	39.8 ± 9.3	39.7 ± 1.7
Kinematic variables (°)
PELVIS max rotation—Sagittal plane	21.1 ± 8.8	18.2 ± 4.1	23.1 ± 3.1*	15.5 ± 4.7	19.9 ± 4.5	10.3 ± 4.4
PELVIS min rotation—Coronal plane	5.5 ± 2.7	1.7 ± 5.0	6.3 ± 2.6	2.8 ± 3.3	3.9 ± 2.7	−3.9 ± 1.9
PELVIS min rotation—horizontal plane	−19.8 ± 7.9	−13.9 ± 7.4	−24.4 ± 15.0	−10.7 ± 9.3	−21.6 ± 10.9	−5.8 ± 2.5
HIP flexion at initial contact	23.5 ± 9.6	27.3 ± 4.5	35.8 ± 6.4*	23.1 ± 7.1	21.8 ± 4.7	30.9 ± 5.9
HIP flexion at toe-off	15.2 ± 12.5	12.5 ± 6.0	31.2 ± 7.6*	3.6 ± 8.1*	16.9 ± 15.5	−3.1 ± 6.1
HIP max extension in stance	4.35 ± 9.91	4.3 ± 6.3	23.5 ± 6.0*	−6.8 ± 5.6*	7.7 ± 4.1	−9.4 ± 5.7
HIP max flexion in swing	30.90 ± 9.78	30.4 ± 5.1	40.8 ± 9.8	31.4 ± 10.7	29.4 ± 6.1	32.6 ± 5.4
HIP max abduction in swing	−2.8 ± 4.5	−4.9 ± 3.9	1.1 ± 2.4*	−3.4 ± 3.1	−5.3 ± 3.7	−6.6 ± 2.7
HIP max internal rotation in stance	13.0 ± 6.1*	3.6 ± 12.1	−9.2 ± 6.3*	1.2 ± 9.3	−14.2 ± 13.8*	5.5 ± 9.2
HIP max external rotation in swing	8.3 ± 6.6*	−1.4 ± 11.8	−13.4 ± 9.0	−4.5 ± 8.9	−17.8 ± 12.9*	−1.3 ± 9.5
HIP ROM—Coronal plane	9.4 ± 2.9	9.0 ± 4.1	6.4 ± 2.7	12.5 ± 4.1	8.3 ± 3.9	13.7 ± 3.2
HIP ROM—Sagittal plane	27.5 ± 8.3	26.8 ± 7.2	17.8 ± 8.7	38.3 ± 8.9*	38.3 ± 8.9	42.5 ± 4.1
KNEE flexion at initial contact	6.3 ± 7.3	15.9 ± 4.9*	15.9 ± 7.9	7.0 ± 6.6	7.0 ± 6.7*	4.5 ± 3.5
KNEE max flexion at loading response	11.1 ± 10.5	19.4 ± 5.4*	16.6 ± 8.1	7.4 ± 6.7	1.8 ± 5.2*	16.0 ± 5.9
KNEE max extension in stance	−1.2 ± 11.6	5.7 ± 9.9	1.5 ± 6.5	−8.6 ± 3.2*	−9.0 ± 5.9*	4.3 ± 3.8
KNEE flexion at toe-off	18.8 ± 10.2	28.1 ± 11.0	20.3 ± 7.0	22.5 ± 8.3	11.7 ± 7.4*	38.9 ± 6.2
KNEE max flexion in swing	23.1 ± 13.5	33.4 ± 12.0	27.8 ± 8.5	42.8 ± 14.9	19.4 ± 9.9	64.9 ± 5.6
KNEE ROM-Sagittal plane	27.0 ± 11.3	29.7 ± 9.9	26.3 ± 10.5	51.5 ± 14.0*	28.6 ± 10.0	64.8 ± 4.7
ANKLE flexion at initial contact	−26.7 ± 4.4*	−9.0 ± 7.3*	−17.5 ± 13.0	−17.1 ± 5.1	−22.4 ± 4.8	2.6 ± 4.2
ANKLE max plantarflexion at loading response	−26.9 ± 4.5*	−9.8 ± 6.2*	−18.4 ± 13.6	−17.3 ± 4.9	−24.5 ± 6.2	−2.6 ± 3.9
ANKLE max dorsiflexion in stance	4.7 ± 6.7	7.1 ± 8.3	−7.4 ± 11.7	3.1 ± 6.7	−9.8 ± 7.4*	15.9 ± 4.1
ANKLE plantarflexion at toe-off	−18.8 ± 9.3	−6.6 ± 8.1	−14.2 ± 11.0	−14.3 ± 10.7	−16.3 ± 6.9	−10.4 ± 5.4
ANKLE max dorsiflexion in swing	−34.3 ± 4.6*	−11.7 ± 8.0*	−19.5 ± 12.6	−23.4 ± 9.6	−26.2 ± 10.7	−13.4 ± 6.0
ANKLE max abduction in stance	1.3 ± 5.1*	2.5 ± 6.6	11.2 ± 8.6	0.8 ± 5.4	16.0 ± 9.1*	−0.1 ± 4.5
ANKLE max adduction in swing	36.4 ± 5.1*	16.2 ± 8.8*	21.1 ± 10.8	26.5 ± 6.8	26.2 ± 10.7	20.7 ± 6.2
ANKLE max eversion in stance	7.3 ± 6.4	5.3 ± 5.7	12.2 ± 10.5	3.0 ± 3.8*	18.5 ± 10.0	3.1 ± 5.2
ANKLE max inversion in swing	40.1 ± 5.3*	26.7 ± 9.5	23.7 ± 12.2	25.7 ± 7.6	25.7 ± 7.6	13.9 ± 6.4
ANKLE ROM—Coronal plane	32.7 ± 8.8*	21.9 ± 6.9	13.4 ± 6.4*	22.7 ± 6.4	13.6 ± 6.4*	13.8 ± 2.9
ANKLE ROM—Sagittal plane	39.1 ± 7.1*	19.8 ± 5.3	14.2 ± 7.5*	27.2 ± 4.7	19.3 ± 11.3	29.4 ± 5.1
ANKLE ROM—Horizontal plane	35.3 ± 7.3*	14.8 ± 5.8*	12.8 ± 6.4*	25.9 ± 7.5	16.5 ± 7.9	21.8 ± 4.2

*P < 0.001.

^#Normative values are relative to 20 healthy subjects (11 men and 9 women. mean age of 27.9 years. unpublished).