Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 May 11.
Published in final edited form as: J Hosp Palliat Nurs. 2012 May 12;14(3):184–188. doi: 10.1097/NJH.0b013e31824fc169

TABLE 1.

SOURCES OF HEMATURIA ALONG THE GENITOURINARY TRACT

RENAL:

  • Renal mass:

    • Benign: angiomyolipoma, oncocytoma, abscess

    • Malignant: renal cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma

  • Glomerular bleeding (e.g. IgA nephropathy, Alport syndrome)

  • Structural disease (polycystic kidney disease, medullary sponge kidney)

  • Pyelonephritis

  • Hydronephrosis/distension

  • Hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria

  • Malignant hypertension

  • Renal vein thrombosis, renal artery occlusion

  • Arteriovenous malformation

  • Papillary necrosis (sickle cell disease)

  • Trauma

URETERAL:

  • Trauma

  • Malignancy

  • Nephrolithiasis

  • Stricture

BLADDER:

  • Malignancy (transitional cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma)

  • Radiation

  • Cystitis (infection, cyclophosphamide, ifosphamide)

PROSTATE/URETHRA:

  • Malignancy

  • Benign prostatic hypertrophy

  • Trauma (including traumatic catheterization)

  • Urethritis

  • Urethral diverticulum

Adapted with permission from Turner B. Hematuria: causes and management. Nurs Stand 2008. 23(1):50–56.