Table 4.

Results of latent growth model analyses on each cognitive ability

	Χ2/df	CFI	RMSEA	Level	Level Var.	Change	Change Var.	Change-T2	Level-Change
Memory
18–39 (Y)	0.91	1.00	.000	.30*	.41*	.17*	.01	.71*	.72
40–64 (M)	1.37	.998	.013	.01	.42*	.08*	.06*	.55*	−.22
65–99 (O)	1.53	.994	.021	−.34*	.46*	−.19*	.23*	.57*	−.17
d Y-M	NA	NA	NA	−.30^	.00	−.06^	.03	−.02	−.06^
d M-O	NA	NA	NA	−.39^	.04	−.27^	.14^	.00	−.03
d Y-O	NA	NA	NA	−.68^	.04	−.30^	.16^	−.04	−.10^
Speed
18–39 (Y)	3.21	.971	.041	.57*	.41*	.11*	.11*	.36*	.00
40–64 (M)	3.21	.989	.031	.00	.44*	−.06*	.06*	.25	−.10
65–99 (O)	2.32	.989	.034	−.69*	.48*	−.18*	.17*	.54*	−.05
d Y-M	NA	NA	NA	−.39^	.02	−.09^	−.03	−.01	−.08^
d M-O	NA	NA	NA	−.81^	.03	−.13^	.11^	.06	.00
d Y-O	NA	NA	NA	−1.44^	.06	−.25^	.05	.06	−.13^
Vocabulary
18–39 (Y)	3.15	.981	.041	−.32*	.61*	.20*	.03	.49*	−.09
40–64 (M)	4.93	.986	.041	.07*	.77*	.04*	.02	.36*	−.27*
65–99 (O)	4.28	.962	.053	.19*	.59*	−.09*	.10*	.23*	−.18
d Y-M	NA	NA	NA	.26^	.08^	−.15^	−.01	−.02	−.02
d M-O	NA	NA	NA	.12^	−.14^	−.19^	.13^	−.03	−.01
d Y-O	NA	NA	NA	.57^	−.02	−.35^	.11^	−.10^	−.05
Reasoning
18–39 (Y)	2.22	.988	.030	.26*	.43*	.19*	.04	.49*	−.05
40–64 (M)	1.44	.998	.014	.04	.57*	.10*	.03	.69*	−.21
65–99 (O)	1.17	.998	.012	−.46*	.64*	−.05	.06	−.14	−.06
d Y-M	NA	NA	NA	−.14^	.07^	−.06^	−.01	.03	−.02
d M-O	NA	NA	NA	−.52^	.06	−.18^	.04	−.14^	.02
d Y-O	NA	NA	NA	−.75^	.17^	−.23^	.02	−.11^	−.01
Space
18–39 (Y)	2.38	.989	.032	.63*	.62*	.19*	.05	.61*	.04
40–64 (M)	1.90	.996	.020	−.06*	.37*	.12*	.01	.53*	.10
65–99 (O)	0.89	1.00	.000	−.51*	.25*	.02	.04	.00	−.08
d Y-M	NA	NA	NA	−.44^	−.12^	−.05^	−.03	−.01	.00
d M-O	NA	NA	NA	−.54^	−.14^	−.15^	.05	−.10^	−.03
d Y-O	NA	NA	NA	−1.22^	−.30^	−.21^	−.01	−.11^	−.02

Note:

^*p<.01. Estimates of effect sizes (d) of the group difference are derived from the standard errors of the unstandardized coefficients.

^{^}indicates that the difference in raw regression coefficients was significant at p<.01. NA indicates that the value is not applicable.