Table 7.
Standardized relations of predictors of latent level and latent change in different cognitive abilities, controlling age, sex, and education
| Level | d | Change | d | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Y 18–39 |
M 40–64 |
O 65–99 |
Y-M | M-O | Y-O |
Y 18–39 |
M 40–64 |
O 65–99 |
Y-M | M-O | Y-O | |
| Average Health (Higher scores indicate poorer health) | ||||||||||||
| Memory | −.07 | −.12* | −.00 | −.02 | .11^ | .07 | −.14 | .06 | −.13 | .04 | −.06 | −.01 |
| Speed | −.08 | −.24* | −.19* | −.12^ | .05 | −.08 | .02 | .10 | .17 | .01 | .05 | .05 |
| Vocabulary | −.05 | −.11* | −.11* | −.05 | .02 | −.03 | .06 | .22 | −.06 | .03 | −.07 | −.03 |
| Average Vision (Higher scores indicate poorer vision) | ||||||||||||
| Memory | −.09* | −.16* | −.10* | .00 | .11^ | .06 | −.03 | .23 | −.06 | .02 | .02 | .00 |
| Speed | −.11* | −.16* | −.18* | .02 | .02 | .06 | .08 | .22 | .03 | .00 | −.02 | −.02 |
| Vocabulary | −.11* | −.09* | −.10* | .05 | .00 | .06 | .05 | .01 | −.08 | .00 | .00 | .00 |
| CES-D (Depressive Symptoms) | ||||||||||||
| Memory | −.08 | −.09* | −.07 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .02 | −.10 | −.05 | −.02 | .00 | −.02 |
| Speed | −.07 | −.14* | −.09* | −.06 | .02 | −.03 | −.04 | −.01 | −.06 | .01 | −.03 | −.01 |
| Vocabulary | −.03 | −.07* | −.05 | −.03 | .01 | −.02 | −.09 | .17 | −.06 | .07 | −.07 | −.02 |
| Anxiety | ||||||||||||
| Memory | −.01 | −.08* | −.06 | −.07 | .02 | −.04 | −.03 | −.01 | .12 | .01 | .04 | .05 |
| Speed | −.01 | −.13* | −.07 | −.09^ | .02 | −.09 | −.04 | .11 | −.02 | .03 | −.03 | .00 |
| Vocabulary | .04 | −.04 | −.03 | −.07 | .01 | −.06 | −.25 | .13 | .07 | .09 | .00 | .06 |
| PANAS-Positive (Positive Mood) | ||||||||||||
| Memory | −.12* | −.08* | −.05 | .03 | .02 | .05 | .01 | −.10 | −.07 | −.02 | −.02 | −.03 |
| Speed | −.05 | .05 | −.00 | .08 | −.04 | .04 | −.14 | .02 | .19 | .04 | .07 | .10^ |
| Vocabulary | −.17* | −.13* | −.13* | .02 | .01 | .03 | .23 | −.03 | −.04 | −.04 | −.02 | −.05 |
| PANAS-Negative (Negative Mood) | ||||||||||||
| Memory | −.10* | −.15* | −.15* | −.04 | −.05 | −.08 | −.52* | .17 | .03 | .11^ | −.01 | .08 |
| Speed | −.03 | −.11* | −.13* | −.08 | −.05 | −.11^ | −.22 | .11 | −.06 | .08 | −.05 | .02 |
| Vocabulary | −.09* | −.14* | −.19* | −.07 | −.08 | −.14^ | .08 | .15 | −.11 | .01 | −.07 | −.06 |
| Dysexecutive Questionnaire | ||||||||||||
| Memory | −.08 | −.09* | −.05 | .00 | .02 | .01 | −.37 | −.01 | −.03 | .06 | −.01 | .05 |
| Speed | −.08 | −.13* | −.07 | −.03 | .04 | .00 | −.12 | −.05 | −.09 | .02 | −.02 | .00 |
| Vocabulary | −.01 | −.06* | −.08* | −.05 | −.02 | −.06 | −.12 | .04 | .02 | .02 | .02 | .03 |
| Emotional Stability | ||||||||||||
| Memory | −.01 | .06 | .06 | .05 | .01 | .06 | .14 | .13 | .01 | −.02 | −.01 | −.02 |
| Speed | .03 | .08* | .01 | .04 | −.06 | −.02 | .10 | .02 | .03 | −.02 | .01 | −.01 |
| Vocabulary | −.01 | .02 | .02 | .03 | .00 | .03 | .07 | −.12 | −.00 | −.03 | .02 | −.01 |
| Extraversion | ||||||||||||
| Memory | .03 | .02 | .05 | −.02 | .04 | .02 | −.15 | −.16 | −.03 | .01 | .01 | .01 |
| Speed | −.01 | .06 | .08 | .06 | .02 | .08 | .12 | −.12 | .08 | −.05 | .05 | −.01 |
| Vocabulary | −.01 | −.03 | −.02 | −.02 | .01 | −.01 | .22 | .05 | .19 | −.03 | .07 | .04 |
| Openness | ||||||||||||
| Memory | .21* | .21* | .22* | −.02 | .01 | −.01 | .52* | −.24 | −.11 | −.12^ | −.01 | −.12 |
| Speed | .11* | .16* | .16* | .03 | .01 | .04 | −.02 | −.12 | −.05 | −.01 | .01 | −.01 |
| Vocabulary | .37* | .34* | .38* | −.02 | .01 | −.02 | .07 | −.19 | −.03 | −.02 | .07 | −.01 |
| Agreeableness | ||||||||||||
| Memory | .11* | .09* | .06 | −.03 | −.02 | −.05 | .15 | −.01 | −.03 | −.02 | −.01 | −.03 |
| Speed | .01 | .11* | .03 | .08 | −.06 | .02 | .05 | .05 | .17 | −.00 | .05 | .04 |
| Vocabulary | .07 | .07* | .04 | .01 | −.04 | −.03 | −.15 | .35 | .09 | .05 | .02 | .05 |
| Conscientiousness | ||||||||||||
| Memory | .04 | −.00 | .04 | −.03 | .03 | .00 | .08 | .15 | −.08 | .01 | −.06 | −.04 |
| Speed | .06 | .18* | .08 | .11^ | −.08^ | .04 | .23 | .07 | .06 | −.04 | .01 | −.03 |
| Vocabulary | −.04 | .01 | .01 | .04 | .01 | .05 | −.02 | −.13 | .02 | −.03 | .01 | .01 |
| Busyness | ||||||||||||
| Memory | .02 | .05 | −.02 | .01 | −.04 | −.03 | −.18 | −.12 | −.00 | .01 | .01 | .02 |
| Speed | .01 | .03 | −.05 | .02 | −.06 | −.04 | .43 | −.07 | −.02 | −.09^ | .00 | −.08 |
| Vocabulary | −.04 | −.04 | −.06 | −.01 | −.01 | −.02 | −.29 | .06 | −.15 | .05 | −.05 | −.01 |
| Routine | ||||||||||||
| Memory | .04 | .05 | −.08 | .01 | −.09^ | −.08 | .13 | .33 | .18 | .02 | .01 | .03 |
| Speed | −.01 | .10* | −.01 | .08 | −.08 | −.00 | .26 | −.04 | .14 | −.05 | .04 | −.01 |
| Vocabulary | .01 | .10* | −.01 | .08^ | −.09^ | −.02 | .53 | .10 | −.01 | −.05 | −.01 | −.05 |
| Need for Cognition | ||||||||||||
| Memory | .22* | .16* | .17* | −.07 | .00 | −.06 | .01 | −.04 | −.07 | .00 | −.04 | −.03 |
| Speed | .19* | .14* | .12* | −.03 | −.02 | −.04 | .03 | −.03 | .04 | −.00 | .01 | .00 |
| Vocabulary | .26* | .21* | .21* | −.05 | −.02 | −.06 | −.08 | −.06 | .00 | .02 | .00 | .01 |
| Life Satisfaction | ||||||||||||
| Memory | .10* | .07 | .00 | −.03 | −.05 | −.06 | .13 | .17 | −.02 | .00 | −.02 | −.02 |
| Speed | .04 | .13* | .02 | .07 | −.08 | −.02 | .20 | .08 | .09 | −.03 | .03 | −.01 |
| Vocabulary | .02 | .02 | .01 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .37 | −.10 | .09 | −.09^ | .05 | −.02 |
| Memory Rating | ||||||||||||
| Memory | .17* | .12* | .18* | −.06 | .06 | .00 | −.05 | −.08 | −.23* | −.00 | −.08 | −.07 |
| Speed | .05 | .08* | .09* | .03 | .01 | .04 | .03 | .11 | .03 | .01 | −.01 | .00 |
| Vocabulary | .05 | .03 | .05 | −.02 | .01 | −.00 | −.18 | −.09 | .17 | .02 | .08 | .09 |
| Thinking Rating | ||||||||||||
| Memory | .15* | .08* | .10* | −.07 | .02 | −.04 | −.10 | .25 | −.22 | .05 | −.11^ | −.05 |
| Speed | .06 | .08* | .02 | .01 | −.05 | −.03 | −.11 | −.04 | −.11 | .02 | −.03 | −.01 |
| Vocabulary | .09* | .07* | .08 | −.02 | .00 | −.01 | .07 | −.09 | −.05 | −.03 | −.01 | −.02 |
| Cognitive Activities | ||||||||||||
| Memory | −.06 | .00 | .08* | .05 | .07 | .14^ | .19 | −.09 | −.08 | −.07 | −.02 | −.07 |
| Speed | .04 | .08* | .15* | .02 | .09^ | .14^ | −.04 | −.12 | −.09 | −.02 | −.02 | −.06 |
| Vocabulary | −.07* | −.01 | .13* | .05 | .11^ | .20^ | .04 | −.05 | −.26* | .00 | −.09^ | −.11^ |
| Walking | ||||||||||||
| Memory | −.10* | −.03 | −.03 | .07 | .00 | .06 | .03 | .06 | .14 | .00 | .04 | .04 |
| Speed | .02 | .00 | −.01 | −.02 | −.02 | −.03 | −.09 | .13 | .03 | .04 | −.01 | .03 |
| Vocabulary | −.01 | −.01 | .08 | .00 | .11^ | .09 | −.06 | .03 | −.08 | .02 | −.04 | −.02 |
| Yard Work | ||||||||||||
| Memory | .03 | .03 | −.04 | .00 | −.05 | −.03 | −.25 | .09 | .12 | .09 | .02 | .09 |
| Speed | .04 | .05 | −.02 | .00 | −.07 | −.05 | −.38* | −.07 | .01 | .11^ | .02 | .10^ |
| Vocabulary | .01 | .02 | −.05 | .00 | −.07 | −.05 | −.16 | −.15 | −.08 | .02 | .00 | .01 |
| Calisthenics | ||||||||||||
| Memory | −.12* | −.08* | .02 | .01 | .07 | .09 | −.16 | .18 | −.03 | .06 | −.04 | .01 |
| Speed | −.03 | −.01 | −.03 | .01 | −.02 | −.02 | −.15 | .37* | .06 | .10^ | −.04 | .06 |
| Vocabulary | −.07 | −.03 | −.05 | .01 | −.02 | −.02 | −.06 | .06 | −.02 | .02 | −.01 | .00 |
| Running | ||||||||||||
| Memory | .06 | −.05 | −.03 | −.07 | −.01 | −.06 | .09 | .15 | .07 | .02 | .02 | .02 |
| Speed | .03 | .02 | .05 | .00 | .05 | .06 | −.28 | .31* | .05 | .11 | −.02 | .06 |
| Vocabulary | .00 | −.01 | −.04 | −.01 | −.04 | −.05 | .56* | −.10 | .02 | −.10^ | .02 | −.03 |
| Aerobics | ||||||||||||
| Memory | −.01 | −.02 | −.05 | −.00 | −.03 | −.03 | −.07 | .20 | .04 | .04 | −.02 | .03 |
| Speed | .01 | .06 | .05 | .03 | −.00 | .03 | −.14 | .08 | −.11 | .05 | −.06 | .00 |
| Vocabulary | −.05 | −.01 | −.03 | .04 | −.01 | .03 | .06 | .03 | −.20 | −.00 | −.08 | −.07 |
| Swimming | ||||||||||||
| Memory | −.05 | −.02 | −.01 | .01 | .01 | .02 | −.06 | .05 | .05 | .01 | .01 | .02 |
| Speed | −.00 | −.02 | .03 | −.02 | .04 | .02 | −.05 | .06 | .01 | .02 | −.01 | .02 |
| Vocabulary | −.08* | −.00 | .04 | .04 | .04 | .12^ | −.02 | −.08 | −.04 | −.02 | .00 | −.02 |
| Tennis | ||||||||||||
| Memory | −.03 | −.00 | .04 | .02 | .03 | .05 | −.20 | .13 | −.00 | .05 | −.02 | .04 |
| Speed | −.01 | .01 | .05 | .01 | .02 | .04 | .08 | −.03 | .15 | −.02 | .04 | .02 |
| Vocabulary | −.09* | −.03 | .04 | .04 | .05 | .13^ | −.01 | .11 | −.14 | .02 | −.06 | −.05 |
| Rowing | ||||||||||||
| Memory | −.03 | −.01 | −.01 | .02 | −.01 | .01 | .14 | .02 | −.04 | −.03 | −.02 | −.04 |
| Speed | −.04 | −.01 | −.01 | .03 | −.01 | .02 | .08 | .05 | −.07 | −.02 | −.04 | −.04 |
| Vocabulary | −.06 | .01 | −.04 | .08 | −.05 | .02 | .16 | −.02 | −.08 | −.04 | −.03 | −.05 |
| Cycling | ||||||||||||
| Memory | −.03 | −.06 | .04 | −.04 | .09 | .06 | .52* | .13 | .04 | −.07 | .00 | −.04 |
| Speed | −.03 | −.02 | .01 | −.01 | .03 | .03 | −.22 | −.26 | .02 | −.01 | .05 | .04 |
| Vocabulary | −.02 | .00 | −.02 | .01 | −.02 | −.01 | .42* | .09 | .04 | −.04 | .00 | −.02 |
| Sports | ||||||||||||
| Memory | −.04 | .01 | −.02 | .03 | −.02 | .01 | −.21 | .01 | .06 | .03 | .03 | .05 |
| Speed | .00 | −.02 | .00 | −.01 | .01 | .00 | −.12 | .10 | .05 | .04 | .00 | .04 |
| Vocabulary | −.09* | .01 | −.03 | .08^ | −.03 | .05 | .06 | −.06 | .09 | −.02 | .04 | .02 |
| All Physical Activity | ||||||||||||
| Memory | −.09* | −.03 | −.04 | .02 | .00 | .03 | −.17 | .18 | .17 | .05 | .02 | .09 |
| Speed | .01 | .03 | .01 | .02 | −.02 | .00 | −.19 | .14 | .04 | .07 | .00 | .09 |
| Vocabulary | −.09* | −.00 | −.02 | .05 | −.02 | .03 | .05 | −.10 | −.13 | −.02 | −.02 | −.06 |
Note:
*
p<.01. Estimates of effect sizes (d) of the group difference are derived from the standard errors of the unstandardized coefficients.
^
indicates that the difference in raw regression coefficients was significant at p<.01.