Table 1.

Role of Autophagy in Various Liver Diseases and the Agents Targeting Autophagy.

Liver disease	Hepatic autophagy level	Role of autophagy	Autophagy modulation	Agents used to target autophagy
Fatty liver disease	Decreased	Lipid degradation, insulin signaling	Autophagy inducers	TORIN-1, Rapamycin
Alcoholic liver disease	Decreased	Degradation of protein aggregates and damaged organelles	Autophagy inducers	TORIN-1, Rapamycin
Hepatocellular carcinoma	Decreased	Anti-tumor effect in normal cells; Autophagy is used by cancer cells for survival against apoptosis by traditional chemotherapeutic drugs	Autophagy inducers	Rapamycin, Everolimus, Bortezomib, Sorafenib, NPC-16,
			Autophagy inhibitors	3MA, Chloroquine, SiRNA, MicroRNAs
HBV Infection	Increased	Autophagy subverted by virus	Autophagy suppressor	3MA
			Autophagy inducer	Rapamycin
HCV infection	Increased	Autophagy subverted by virus	Autophagy suppressor	3MA, Chloroquine
			Autophagy inducer	Rapamycin
A1-AT deficiency	–	Autophagy clears the AT protein aggregation	mTOR independent increase in autophagy	Carbamazepine