Table 3.
Estimates of direct and moderating associations for both individual and neighborhood environment factors on health (N=4,093)
| Variables | Model V | Model VI | Model VII | Model VIII |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 0.9479*** | 0.9248*** | 0.9266*** | 0.9208*** |
| Individual level | ||||
| Stress level | ||||
| Below average | −0.0729 | −0.0700 | −0.0712 | −0.0706 |
| Average | −0.2173*** | −0.2148*** | −0.2157*** | −0.2152*** |
| Above average | −0.2792*** | −0.2742*** | −0.2752*** | −0.2752*** |
| High stress | −0.4360*** | −0.4345*** | −0.4404*** | −0.4192*** |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age | −0.0177*** | −0.0177*** | −0.0177*** | −0.0177*** |
| Gender | −0.0154 | −0.0115 | −0.0126 | −0.0127 |
| Race (African American) | −0.1341*** | −0.1367*** | −0.1359*** | −0.1364*** |
| Married/cohabiting | 0.0101 | 0.0100 | 0.0112 | 0.0114 |
| Widowed/separated | −0.0187 | −0.0172 | −0.0181 | −0.0161 |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||
| Employed | 0.1764*** | 0.1763*** | 0.1761*** | 0.1757*** |
| Retired | −0.1631*** | −0.1610*** | −0.1616*** | −0.1638*** |
| Incapable of working | −0.6267*** | −0.6261*** | −0.6255*** | −0.6243*** |
| Education | 0.1468*** | 0.1474*** | 0.1465*** | 0.1470*** |
| Poverty status | −0.0442 | −0.0437 | −0.0440 | −0.0439 |
| Religious service attendance | ||||
| Attending yearly | −0.0496 | −0.0504 | −0.0497 | −0.0475 |
| Attending monthly | −0.0396 | −0.0401 | −0.0398 | −0.0397 |
| Attending weekly | −0.0189 | −0.0205 | −0.0201 | −0.0188 |
| Neighborhood participation | ||||
| Joining one group | 0.0321 | 0.0345 | 0.0345 | 0.0338 |
| Joining at least two groups | 0.0909*** | 0.0928*** | 0.0920*** | 0.0912*** |
| Neighborhood trust | 0.0185 | 0.0195 | 0.0198 | 0.0204 |
| Access to medical resources | ||||
| Insured | 0.0445 | 0.0453 | 0.0431 | 0.0432 |
| Dental insurance | 0.0074 | 0.0073 | 0.0089 | 0.0114 |
| Having regular source of care | −0.1392*** | −0.1397*** | −0.1405*** | −0.1417*** |
| No transportation difficulty | 0.2743*** | 0.2729*** | 0.2740*** | 0.2739*** |
| Neighborhood level (N=45) | ||||
| Social Environment | ||||
| Neighborhood safety | 0.0010 | 0.0178 | 0.0083 | 0.0046 |
| Residential stability | 0.0049 | 0.0101 | −0.0116 | −0.0093 |
| Social disadvantage | −0.0466* | −0.0629** | −0.0708*** | −0.0647** |
| Social affluence | 0.0461 | 0.0477 | 0.0290 | 0.0263 |
| Built environment | ||||
| Medical resources | −0.0056 | −0.0058 | 0.0008 | |
| Daily vehicle miles traveled | −0.0482*** | −0.0490*** | −0.0468** | |
| Toxics release inventory sites | 0.0487 | 0.0486 | 0.0296 | |
| Residual waste operations | −0.0369 | −0.0405 | −0.0042 | |
| Moderating effects on high stress | ||||
| Social environment | ||||
| Neighborhood safety | 0.0853 | 0.1076 | ||
| Residential stability | 0.1552** | 0.1391* | ||
| Social disadvantage | 0.0350 | 0.0061 | ||
| Concentrated affluence | 0.1408** | 0.1641** | ||
| Built environment | ||||
| Medical resources | −0.0583 | |||
| Daily vehicle miles traveled | −0.0142 | |||
| Toxics release inventory sites | 0.1158 | |||
| Residual waste operations | −0.2292** | |||
| Variance components | ||||
| Intercept | 0.0020* | 0.0014 | 0.0017 | 0.0014 |
| High stress | 0.0157* | 0.0164* | 0.0150* | 0.0044 |
*
p<.05
**
p<.01
***
p<.001