Table 1. Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Study | Habitat(s) | Trampling intensities (passes) & disturbance type |
Trial sample size | Final follow-up time (years) | No. of effect sizes contributed by Raunkiaer subgroup | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cole & Bayfield (1993) | Temperate coniferous forest, subalpine grassland |
25, 75, 200, 500, 700 (Acute) |
4 | 1 | Chamaephyte | 4 |
| Hemicryptophyte | 4 | |||||
| Geophyte | 4 | |||||
| Cole (1995b) | Alpine, subalpine/montane grass/shrubland, temperate coniferous/ deciduous forest |
10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 250, 500 (Acute) |
4 | 1 | Chamaephyte | 17 |
| Hemicryptophyte | 40 | |||||
| Geophyte | 15 | |||||
| Cole & Spildie (1998) | Temperate coniferous forest | 25, 150 (Acute) |
4 | 1 | Chamaephyte | 2 |
| Geophyte | 2 | |||||
| Monz et al. (2000) | Subalpine/montane grass/ shrubland |
25, 75, 200, 500, 800 (Acute) |
4 | 1 | Hemicryptophyte | 16 |
| Cole & Monz (2002) | Alpine, subalpine/montane grass/shrubland, temperate coniferous/ deciduous forest |
75, 225, 600, 1500, 2400, 3000 (Chronic over 3 years) |
4 | 3 | Chamaephyte | 8 |
| Hemicryptophyte | 12 | |||||
| Monz (2002) | Alpine/tundra | 25, 75, 200, 500 (Acute) |
4 | 4 | Chamaephyte | 4 |
| Helophyte | 4 | |||||
| Ikeda (2003) | Temperate grassland | 80, 160, 640, 2560 (Chronic over 3.3 years) |
3 | 3.3 | Therophyte | 4 |
| Gallet, Lemauviel & Rozé (2004) | Temperate shrubland | 100, 200, 400, 800 (Acute, and chronic over 0.2 years) |
3 | 0.2 | Phanerophyte | 32 |
| Roovers et al. (2004) | Temperate deciduous forest, temperate shrubland |
25, 75, 250, 500 (Acute) |
4 | 2 | Phanerophyte | 8 |
| Chamaephyte | 12 | |||||