Table 2.
Serum clinical safety markers between groups following the feeding intervention
| Variable | CTL (n = 6) | WD (n = 8) | WD + AF (n = 8) | ANOVA p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Metabolic markers | ||||
| Glucose (mg/dl) |
143 ± 11a |
205 ± 13b |
204 ± 13b |
0.005 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) |
74.7 ± 2.7 |
80.8 ± 2.0 |
77.8 ± 2.2 |
0.21 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) |
73.3 ± 4.9 |
123.1 ± 21.0 |
131.4 ± 18.5 |
0.088 |
|
Markers of liver health and function | ||||
| Total Protein (g/dl) |
7.2 ± 0.1 |
7.1 ± 0.1 |
7.2 ± 0.2 |
0.81 |
| Albumin (g/dl) |
3.47 ± 0.03 |
3.36 ± 0.03 |
3.39 ± 0.04 |
0.18 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dl) |
0.10 ± 0.00 |
0.10 ± 0.00 |
0.10 ± 0.00 |
1.00 |
| Alkaline Phosphatase (U/L) |
133 ± 12a |
93 ± 9b |
89 ± 7b |
0.006 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) |
60.5 ± 11.3 |
75.3 ± 15.6 |
60.9 ± 7.6 |
0.62 |
| Gamma-glutamyltransferase (U/L) |
< 3 |
< 3 |
< 3 |
N/A |
| Globulin (g/dl) |
3.70 ± 0.03 |
3.74 ± 0.03 |
3.78 ± 0.08 |
0.67 |
|
Other serum markers | ||||
| Sodium (mEq/L) |
150 ± 3 |
147 ± 1 |
147 ± 1 |
0.29 |
| Potassium (mEq/L) |
5.57 ± 0.21 |
5.60 ± 0.27 |
5.09 ± 0.12 |
0.17 |
| Chloride (mEq/L) |
98.6 ± 1.5 |
99.6 ± 0.5 |
99.5 ± 0.4 |
0.19 |
| Total CO2 (mEq/L) |
42.8 ± 1.0 |
40.9 ± 0.8 |
40.5 ± 0.8 |
0.18 |
| Calcium (g/dl) |
11.1 ± 0.1a |
11.4 ± 0.1b |
11.2 ± 0.1a,b |
0.043 |
| Phosphorus (mg/dl) |
6.12 ± 0.12 |
6.63 ± 0.19 |
6.21 ± 0.06 |
0.038 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl) |
16.0 ± 0.6 |
14.4 ± 0.5 |
14.3 ± 0.6 |
0.082 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) |
0.49 ± 0.01a |
0.45 ± 0.01a,b |
0.44 ± 0.01b |
0.016 |
| Creatine Kinase (U/L) | 64.3 ± 5.4 | 69.8 ± 8.2 | 79.4 ± 7.2 | 0.37 |
Notes: Tukey post-hoc comparisons performed when ANOVA p < 0.05; different letter superscripts indicate significant differences between groups.
"Legend: Bold-faced values are significant between-treatment differences when Tukey post-hoc comparisons performed (p < 0.05); different letter superscripts indicate significant differences between groups."