(a)  

	Factor of change	95% CI	P value
Intercept	0.0	0.00–0.18	0.0012
Gender*	6.5	1.69–24.78	0.0064
Age	1.0	1.01–1.04	0.012
Fish score	1.6	1.13–2.16	0.0073
Smoking score	1.9	0.60–5.77	0.29
Gender: smoking score	0.5	0.25–1.01	0.053

P values less than or equal to 0.05 are italicized. *Male gender was used as the reference, thus, the factor of change reflects the effect of being female.