Table 2.

Item and Scale Information from the Exploratory Factor Analysis for the Parents’ Beliefs about Children’s Emotions Questionnaire

	Factor loadings
Item	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	M	SD	h2
Negative Consequences
1. Too much joy can make it hard for a child to understand others.	.48	.10	−.13	−.05	.02	.08	−.15	.20	2.68	1.56	.41
2. * Showing anger is not a good idea for children.	.58	−.21	−.07	−.23	.14	.18	.04	.21	2.54	1.48	.56
3. * When children get angry, they create more problems for themselves.	.58	−.13	−.19	−.13	.20	.11	.02	.16	3.25	1.44	.53
4. * Children’s feelings can get hurt if they show too much of their emotions.	.45	.07	−.20	−.21	−.03	−.02	.07	.05	3.58	1.47	.43
5. * Being angry can be a waste of time for children.	.54	−.09	−.13	−.17	.11	.16	−.04	.23	2.62	1.46	.46
6. Children may not focus on their commitments if they feel too much happiness.	.56	.09	−.21	−.14	−.00	.15	−.16	.23	2.89	1.52	.49
7. * When children get angry, it can only lead to problems.	.59	−.19	−.13	−.12	.23	.22	−.01	.24	2.82	1.55	.57
8. When children are too happy, they can get out of control.	.54	.04	−.23	−.14	.00	.11	−.04	.23	2.85	1.59	.50
9. * It is important for children to avoid feeling sad whenever possible.	.57	−.12	−.10	−.16	.25	.15	.02	.23	3.02	.159	.56
10. Children who feel emotions strongly are likely to face a lot of trouble in life.	.53	.01	−.13	−.19	.08	.10	−.16	.22	2.64	1.45	.44
Value/Acceptance
11. * It is okay when children feel angry, and it is okay when they don’t.	−.11	.51	−.04	.01	−.12	.09	.16	−.08	4.49	1.33	.47
12. * It is important for children to show others when they feel upset.	−.13	.42	−.03	.01	.03	−.06	.09	.09	4.37	1.30	.38
13. * It is okay when children feel sad, and it is okay when they don’t.	−.14	.44	−.02	.04	−.03	.09	.18	−.12	4.52	1.37	.53
14. i Children’s anger can be a relief to them, like a storm that clears the air.	−.00	.51	−.07	−.02	−.12	.07	−.00	.02	4.11	1.35	.43
15. It is useful for children to feel angry sometimes.	−.14	.55	−.09	.03	−.17	−.07	.09	−.05	4.50	1.24	.49
16. i It is good for children to let their anger out.	−.12	.44	−.02	.04	.06	.00	.09	.00	4.43	1.27	.41
17. * Being sad isn’t “good” or “bad” – it is just a part of life.	−.05	.51	−.10	.05	−.01	.09	.18	−.16	4.66	1.39	.59
18. * Being angry isn’t “good” or “bad” – it is just a part of life.	−.07	.52	−.05	.01	−.03	.06	.10	−.11	4.17	1.30	.51
19. * Feeling sad helps children know what is important to them.	.08	.42	−.07	−.03	−.03	.03	.12	.11	4.20	1.31	.39
20. The experience of anger can be a useful motivation for action.	.06	.48	−.05	−.09	−.20	.01	.04	−.02	4.01	1.40	.42
21. * It is okay when children feel happy, and it is okay when they don’t.	−.10	.47	−.06	.04	−.02	.09	.24	−.18	4.52	1.39	.50
22. Being angry can motivate children to change or fix something in their lives.	.12	.48	−.13	−.01	−.12	.12	.17	.10	4.04	1.40	.48
23. Expressing anger is a good way for a child to let his/her desires and opinions be known.	.02	.54	−.05	−.09	.02	.12	−.05	.06	3.89	1.50	.44
Manipulation
24. * Children show emotions to get what they want.	.19	.04	−.49	−.08	.08	.08	.00	−.03	4.42	1.31	.42
25. * Children will exaggerate their emotions in order to get what they want.	.05	.16	−.54	−.06	−.05	.02	.13	−.08	4.74	1.13	.47
26. * Some children act overly excited just to get attention.	.17	.17	−.50	−.13	−.02	.07	−.00	.04	4.28	1.37	.45
27. * Children sometimes act angry, just to get attention.	.11	.09	−.60	−.11	.01	.05	−.00	.08	4.54	1.34	.49
28. * Children sometimes say “I love you” in order to get something they want.	.19	.11	−.66	−.07	.06	.01	−.02	.09	4.21	1.51	.56
29. Children use emotions to manipulate others.	.12	.12	−.71	−.03	−.06	.06	.00	.05	4.08	1.34	.60
30. * Children sometimes show emotion to try and control the situation.	.13	.16	−.57	−.13	−.06	.01	.12	−.03	4.45	1.21	.50
31. Children often cry just to get attention.	.21	.02	−.62	−.06	.05	.02	−.08	.11	3.99	1.47	.53
32. Children sometimes act sad, just to get attention.	.25	.10	−.68	−.08	.05	.08	.03	.07	4.31	1.30	.57
33. Children often act sad or angry just to get their own way.	.18	.10	−.74	−.11	.13	.05	−.10	.08	4.00	1.42	.66
Control
34. Children can control their emotions.	.07	.10	−.12	−.67	−.07	.20	−.04	.18	3.17	1.46	.58
35. When children are very angry, they can control what they show to others.	.14	.04	.05	−.63	−.10	.19	−.06	.14	2.80	1.46	.53
36. Children can control how they express their feelings.	.09	.09	−.04	−.59	−.09	.23	.09	.08	3.40	1.45	.54
37. Children can control what they show on their faces.	.20	.10	−.13	−.63	−.05	.13	−.08	.14	3.07	1.47	.53
38. * When children feel upset or angry, they can change how they feel by thinking about something they like to do or enjoy.	.15	.09	−.10	−.43	.14	.02	.07	.08	3.65	1.39	.36
39. pg When children are very happy, they can control what they show to others.	.24	.08	−.21	−.60	−.05	.12	.06	.21	3.38	1.47	.56
40. * Children can control how they feel if they really want to.	.25	−.00	−.15	−.64	.07	.22	−.10	.15	2.92	1.50	.55
Parental Knowledge
41. Parents don’t have to know about all their child’s feelings.	.06	.16	.06	−.04	−.47	.23	.09	.04	2.71	1.65	.44
42. It is important for children to tell their parents everything that they are feeling.	.18	.04	−.02	−.01	.75	−.05	.05	.07	4.37	1.47	.64
43. Parents should encourage their child to tell them everything they are feeling.	.05	.04	−.09	.06	.58	−.18	.16	−.05	4.74	1.33	.54
Autonomy
44. i When children are sad, they need to find their own ways to move on.	.14	.04	−.06	−.18	−.16	.51	−.02	.19	2.68	1.44	.44
45. It’s usually best to let a child work through being sad on their own.	.15	.05	−.03	−.12	−.17	.50	−.04	.19	2.47	1.39	.45
46. i When children become sad or upset, parents can let them manage their feelings on their own.	.13	.12	−.01	−.18	−.12	.59	−.08	.16	2.78	1.47	.50
47. i When children are angry, they need to find their own ways to resolve the situation.	.11	.06	−.03	−.15	−.22	.46	−.06	.06	2.90	1.54	.46
48. i Children tend to figure out their feelings even when parents are not available to guide them.	.14	.12	−.13	−.09	.16	.49	.01	−.01	3.85	1.44	.43
49. It’s usually best to let a child work through their negative feelings on their own.	.22	.04	−.01	−.21	−.17	.58	−.11	.17	2.32	1.34	.51
50. When children are angry, it is best to just let them work it through on their own.	.16	.07	.02	−.20	−.16	.52	−.10	.15	2.43	1.37	.44
Respect
51. When children are angry, it’s hard for them to hide their feelings.	.08	.08	−.03	.19	.04	.08	.35	.00	4.49	1.44	.38
52. Making fun of children’s behavior is never a good idea.	−.04	.03	.02	.02	.23	−.08	.36	−.09	4.93	1.50	.35
53. Parents should not show contempt toward their children.	−.13	.09	.10	.09	−.14	−.06	.49	−.03	4.62	1.59	.45
Stability
54. Children’s emotions tend to be longlasting.	.24	−.00	−.06	−.19	.13	.14	−.03	.54	2.92	1.46	.47
55. * Children’s emotions don’t change quickly from moment to moment.	.22	.01	.04	−.13	.05	.14	−.12	.50	2.66	1.44	.37
56. When children feel something, it stays with them for a long time.	.18	.06	−.11	−.15	.01	.07	.12	.49	3.10	1.38	.43
57. * Children are born with an emotional style that stays the same throughout their lives.	.16	.03	.07	−.15	−.09	.18	−.01	.47	2.49	1.47	.40
58. Children’s emotions last for long periods of time.	.22	.07	−.03	−.19	.09	.16	−.02	.55	2.90	1.36	.43
59. Children’s emotional styles tend to stay the same over time.	.18	.03	.06	−.18	−.06	.22	−.04	.60	2.89	1.40	.51
Eigenvalue	13.73	7.09	6.64	4.51	3.98	2.95	2.83	2.56
Percentage of variance	10.98	5.67	5.31	3.61	3.19	2.34	2.27	2.05
McDonald’s Omega	.76	.83	.82	.73	.57	.69	.45	.65

Note.

^*Dropped to improve model fit.

ⁱDropped to achieve invariance across ethnic groups.

^pgDropped to achieve invariance across parent gender.

Factor loadings > |.35| in bold. h² = item communalities.