Figure 4.

Overview of linagliptin trials from bench to bedside showing the stage of development for select outcomes.

Notes: ^aData will emerge from ongoing trials; ^bpostmarketing surveillance reports; ^cpharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers and those with renal or hepatic impairment; dlimited evidence from preclinical studies of linagliptin in wound healing;26–28 a small study in humans with vildagliptin has been completed.65

Abbreviations: CV, cardiovascular; HbA_1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; NDA, New Drug Application; PK, pharmacokinetics.