Table 3.
Associations between Pesticides Exposure and Bladder Cancer Risk among Male Agricultural Workers from Rural South Egypt and with Different Genotypes for NAD(P)H: Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and Superoxide Dismutase 2 (SOD2)
| All Cases | SCC& N = 164 | UC& N = 255 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genotype | Exposure | Control | Case | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)* | ||
| All genotypes | No Yes |
190 168 |
155 264 |
Ref 1.68 (1.23–2.29) |
Ref 1.55 (1.03–2.31) |
Ref 1.79 (1.25–2.56) |
| Multivariable Regression Models with Interaction | ||||||
| NQO1 (TT or TC)@ | No Yes |
83 63 |
65 103 |
Ref 1.94 (1.20–3.14) |
Ref 1.73 (0.91–3.17) |
Ref 2.10 (1.21–3.64) |
| NQO1 (CC) | No Yes |
105 104 |
88 159 |
Ref 1.49 (0.99–2.22) |
Ref 1.40 (0.83–2.36) |
Ref 1.57 (0.98–2.50) |
| Interaction p-value$ | 0.40 | 0.63 | 0.42 | |||
| SOD2 (TT) | No Yes |
50 59 |
39 88 |
Ref 1.68 (1.02–2.79) |
Ref 1.75 (0.90–3.39) |
Ref 1.64 (0.91–2.94) |
| SOD2 (TC) | No Yes |
93 67 |
78 110 |
Ref 1.71 (1.25–2.34) |
Ref 1.58 (1.05–2.37) |
Ref 1.82 (1.27–2.62) |
| SOD2 (CC) | No yes |
46 41 |
35 64 |
Ref 1.74 (1.02–2.99) |
Ref 1.43 (0.71–2.86) |
2.03 (1.08–3.79) |
| Interaction p-value | 0.93 | 0.71 | 0.66 | |||
| NQO1 (TT or TC) and SOD2 (CC or TC) | No Yes |
60 38 |
47 71 |
Ref 2.14 (1.19–3.85) |
Ref 1.71 (0.80–3.65) |
Ref 2.46 (1.26–4.80) |
| NQO1 (CC) and SOD2 (TT) | No Yes |
27 34 |
22 56 |
Ref 1.53 (0.73–3.25) |
Ref 1.28 (0.50–3.29) |
Ref 1.75 (0.72–4.27) |
| Interaction p-value | 0.48 | 0.63 | 0.55 | |||
&
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and urothelial cell carcinoma (UC) the risks of which were estimated using polytomous regression;
*
Adjusted for education, tobacco smoke, SH infection history, environmental tobacco smoke, and age (continuous);
@
TT, TC, and CC, represent the variants of the genes that code respectively for the least active, intermediate, and more active forms of either NQO1 or SOD2;
$
P-value for difference between genotypes with respect to effect of pesticide on bladder cancer risk.