Table 4.
Association between hip fracture risk and BDZ-drug interactionsa
| Risk factor | Hip fracture patients (N=17,057) |
Controls (N=85,553) |
Crude | Adjusted for age, gender, and race |
Fully adjustedb |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | |
| alprazolam drug interactions | |||||||
| alprazolam without interacting drug | 181 | 1.1 | 1,210 | 1.4 | 0.91 (0.78, 1.07) | 0.92 (0.78, 1.08) | 0.90 (0.77, 1.07) |
| interacting drug without alprazolamc,d | 8,361 | 49.0 | 34,116 | 39.9 | 1.45 (1.40, 1.50) | 1.47 (1.41, 1.52) | 1.40 (1.35, 1.46) |
| alprazolam and interacting drug | 467 | 2.7 | 1,883 | 2.2 | 1.52 (1.37, 1.68) | 1.60 (1.44, 1.79) | 1.51 (1.34, 1.69) |
| lorazepam drug interactions | |||||||
| lorazepam without interacting drug | 431 | 2.5 | 1,984 | 2.3 | 1.34 (1.20, 1.49) | 1.30 (1.16, 1.45) | 1.32 (1.18, 1.48) |
| interacting drug without lorazepamd,e | 5,892 | 34.5 | 19,586 | 22.9 | 1.86 (1.79, 1.93) | 1.86 (1.79, 1.93) | 1.57 (1.50, 1.64) |
| lorazepam and interacting drug | 573 | 3.4 | 1,504 | 1.8 | 2.36 (2.14, 2.61) | 2.37 (2.14, 2.63) | 1.94 (1.74, 2.17) |
| zolpidem drug interactions | |||||||
| zolpidem without interacting drug | 150 | 0.9 | 644 | 0.8 | 1.43 (1.20, 1.71) | 1.28 (1.06, 1.54) | 1.26 (1.04, 1.53) |
| interacting drug without zolpidemd,f | 7,576 | 44.4 | 28,919 | 33.8 | 1.57 (1.52, 1.63) | 1.58 (1.52, 1.64) | 1.44 (1.38, 1.50) |
| zolpidem and interacting drug | 217 | 1.3 | 654 | 0.8 | 2.04 (1.75, 2.38) | 2.04 (1.73, 2.40) | 1.71 (1.44, 2.03) |
Abbreviations: RR, relative risk; CI, confidence interval.
patients with a combination of alprazolam, zolpidem, lorazepam, and other BDZ were excluded in the interaction model
adjusted for age, gender, race, income, health care utilization, co-morbidity, co-medication; missings: hip fracture patients: N= 30; controls: N= 3
Aprepitant, amiodarone, cimetidine, clarithromycin, cyclosporine, dextropropoxyphen, diltiazem, ergotamine, erythromycin, esomeprazole, fluconazole, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, indinavir, isoniazid, itraconazole, ketoconazole, nefazodone, nelfinavir, nicardipine, nifedipine, omeprazole, paroxetine, propoxyphene, ritonavir, saquinavir, telithromycin, troleandomycin, and verapamil.
Opioids, H1-antihistamines, barbiturates, anticonvulsants, non-benzodiazepine non-barbiturate hypnotics, antidepressants, neuroleptics, and muscle relaxants.
Valproate and probenecid.
Aprepitant, cimetidine, clarithromycin, diltiazem, erythromycin, fluconazole, indinavir, itraconazole, ketoconazole, nelfinavir, nefazodone, telithromycin, ritonavir, saquinavir, and verapamil.