TABLE I.
Patient Demographics
| Nondiabetic Patients without Neuropathy | Nondiabetic Patients with Neuropathy | Diabetic Patients without Complications | Diabetic Patients with Complications | P Values* | |
| No. (%) of patients | |||||
| Total (n = 2060) | 1536 (74.6%) | 201 (9.8%) | 100 (4.9%) | 223 (10.8%) | |
| With surgical site infection (n = 64) | 24/1536 (1.6%) | 14/201 (7.0%) | 3/100 (3.0%) | 23/221 (10.4%) | |
| Age† (yr) | 46.8 ± 15.1 | 57.9 ± 12.9 | 53.9 ± 10.3 | 58.5 ± 11.4 | (a) <0.05, (b) <0.05, (c) <0.05, (d) 0.313, (e) 1.000, (f) 0.087 |
| Male sex‡ | 566 (36.8%) | 104 (51.7%) | 34 (34.0%) | 115 (51.6%) | (a) <0.05, (b) 0.9960, (c) <0.05, (d) <0.05, (e) 1.0000, (f) <0.05 |
| BMI† (kg/m2) | 29.0 ± 6.3 | 31.0 ± 6.9 | 35.0 ± 8.8 | 32.9 ± 7.3 | (a) <0.05, (b) <0.05, (c) <0.05, (d) <0.05, (e) 0.05, (f) 1.000 |
| Obese‡ (BMI > 30) | 582 (37.9%) | 101 (50.2%) | 67 (67.0%) | 149 (66.8%) | (a) <0.05, (b) <0.05, (c) <0.05, (d) <0.05, (e) <0.05, (f) 1.0000 |
| Type of diabetes (1 or 2)ठ| 8/92 (8.0%) | 43/178 (19.3%) | (f) <0.05 | ||
| Duration of diabetes† (yr) | 8.6 ± 10.1 | 16.6 ± 12.3 | (f) <0.05 | ||
| Insulin use‡ | 30 (30.0%) | 140 (62.8%) | (f) <0.05 | ||
| Glucose level† (mg/dL) | 93.1 ± 14.1 | 99.3 ± 18.4 | 135.2 ± 55.2 | 154 ± 64.4 | (a) <0.05, (b) <0.05, (c) <0.05, (d) <0.05, (e) <0.05, (f) 0.913 |
| HbA1c† (%) | 5.9 ± 0.4 | 5.9 ± 0.3 | 7.0 ± 1.4 | 7.5 ± 1.6 | (a) 1.000, (b) <0.05, (c) <0.05, (d) <0.05, (e) <0.05, (f) 0.162 |
| Creatinine level† (mg/dL) | 0.9 ± 2.6 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 1.0 | 1.5 ± 1.3 | (a) 0.596, (b) <0.05, (c) <0.05, (d) 0.445, (e) <0.05, (f) <0.05 |
| Surgery time† (min) | 85.9 ± 48.7 | 117.5 ± 61.9 | 81.5 ± 44.4 | 120 ± 71.0 | (a) <0.05, (b) 1.000, (c) <0.05, (d) <0.05, (e) 1.000, (f) <0.05 |
| American Society of Anesthesiologists classification† | 2.0 ± 1.3 | 2.6 ± 0.6 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 3.0 ± 0.4 | (a) <0.05, (b) <0.05, (c) <0.05, (d) 1.000, (e) <0.05, (f) <0.05 |
| Charcot neuroarthropathy‡ | 0 | 22/201 (10.9%) | 0 | 93/223 (41.7%) | (a) <0.05, (b) 0.0625, (c) <0.05, (d) <0.05, (e) <0.05, (f) <0.05 |
| Previous ulcer‡ | 60 (3.9%) | 35 (17.4%) | 9 (9.0%) | 99 (44.4%) | (a) <0.05, (b) 0.0832, (c) <0.05, (d) 0.2554, (e) <0.05, (f) <0.05 |
| Previous surgery‡ | 427 (27.8%) | 80 (39.8%) | 28 (28.0%) | 90 (40.4%) | (a) <0.05, (b) 1.0000, (c) <0.05, (d) 0.2384, (e) 1.0000, (f) 0.1821 |
| Current ulcer‡ | 38 (2.5) | 25 (12.4%) | 4 (4.0%) | 75 (33.6%) | (a) <0.05, (b) 0.9033, (c) <0.05, (d) 0.1223, (e) <0.05, (f) <0.05 |
| Current tobacco use‡ | 305 (19.9%) | 50 (24.9%) | 19 (19.0%) | 44 (19.7%) | |
| Former tobacco use‡ | 41 (2.7%) | 10 (5.0%) | 4 (4.0%) | 17 (7.6%) | (a) 0.5375, (b) 0.9803, (c) <0.05, (d) 0.9998, (e) 0.9857, (f) 0.8682 |
| Tobacco pack-years† | 18.4 ± 15.6 | 30.4 ± 22.0 | 20.9 ± 19.2 | 34.1 ± 23.3 | (a) <0.05, (b) 1.000, (c) <0.05, (d) 0.237, (e)1.000, (f) <0.05 |
| Peripheral artery disease‡ | 15 (1.0%) | 14 (7.0%) | 0 (0%) | 53 (23.8%) | (a) <0.05, (b) 1.0000, (c) <0.05, (d) 0.1372, (e) <0.05, (f) <0.05 |
| MNSI score (0-10)† | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 5.1 ± 2.1 | 1.1 ± 1.7 | 6.7 ± 2.1 | (a) <0.05, (b) <0.05, (c) <0.05, (d) <0.05, (e) 0.717, (f) <0.05 |
| Neuropathy‡ | 0 | 201 (100%) | 0 | 217 (97.3%) | (a) <0.05, (b) <0.05, (c) <0.05, (d) <0.05, (e) 0.3215, (f) <0.05 |
| Rheumatoid disease‡ | 62 (4.0%) | 19 (9.5%) | 1 (1.0%) | 13 (5.8%) | (a) <0.05, (b) 0.7852, (c) 0.8888, (d) <0.05, (e) 0.7331, (f) 0.3621 |
| Inpatient surgery‡ | 445 (29.0%) | 121 (60.2%) | 29 (29.0%) | 141 (63.2%) | (a) <0.05, (b) 1.0000, (c) <0.05, (d) <0.05, (e) 0.9931, (f) <0.05 |
| Transplant‡ | 13 (0.8%) | 2 (1.0%) | 5 (5.0%) | 15 (6.7%) | (a) 0.9991, (b) <0.05, (c) <0.05, (d) 0.2304, (e) <0.05, (f) 0.9973 |
| Internal fixation‡ | 822 (53.5%) | 146 (72.6%) | 60 (60.0%) | 155 (69.5%) | (a) <0.05, (b) 0.7523, (c) <0.05, (d) 0.1477, (e) 0.9798, (f) 0.4471 |
| External fixation‡ | 16 (1.0) | 8 (4.0%) | 1 (1.0%) | 11 (4.9%) | (a) <0.05, (b) 1.0000, (c) <0.05, (d) 0.8615, (e) 1.0000, (f) 0.5140 |
Adjusted p values for comparisons between (a) patients without diabetes or neuropathy and patients with nondiabetic neuropathy (b) patients without diabetes or neuropathy and patients with uncomplicated diabetes, (c) patients without diabetes or neuropathy and patients with complicated diabetes, (d) patients with nondiabetic neuropathy and patients with uncomplicated diabetes, (e) patients with nondiabetic neuropathy and patients with complicated diabetes, or (f) patients with uncomplicated diabetes and patients with complicated diabetes.
The values are given as the mean and standard deviation, with the Kruskal-Wallis test used to determine the significance of differences between groups.
The values are given as the number of patients with the percentage of the group in parentheses. The Pearson chi-square test or Fisher exact test was used to determine the significance of differences between groups.
The percentage refers to the percentage of the group consisting of patients with type-1 diabetes.