Table 1.

Alterations of ERBB receptors and ligands in human cancer

Molecule	Alteration	Cancer types	Notes	References
EGFR	mutation, insertion (L858R, etc.)	NSCLC (adenocarcinoma)		(Lynch et al., 2004; Paez et al., 2004; Pao et al., 2004)
EGFR	vIII	glioma	deletion of exons 2–7 in the ectodomain	(Sugawa et al., 1990)
EGFR	amplification	NSCLC (squamous), head & neck, glioma, esophageal, colorectal, anal (?)		(Yarden et al., 2012)
HER2	amplification	breast, gastric, esophageal		(Koboldt et al., 2012)
HER2	mutation	breast (lobular), lung, gastric, bladder, endometrial	unclear if all those reported are activating or gain-of-function	(Kobodlt et al., 2012)
HER3	mutation	breast, gastric		(Jaiswal et al., 2013)
HER4	mutation	melanoma, NSCLC, medulloblastoma		(Gilbertson et al., 2001; Prickett et al., 2009)
TGFα	overexpression	prostate, lung, pancreas, ovary, colon, head & neck	androgen-independent prostate cancer; poor prognosis when associated with high EGFR	(Grandis et al., 1998; Yarden and Sliwkowski, 2001)
Neuregulin-1	Overexpression	colorectal, head & neck	associated with drug sensitivity or resistance	(Wilson et al., 2011; Yonesaka et al., 2011)