TABLE 4.
Prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies by inflammatory status and the contribution of concurrent inflammation to the likelihood of being characterized as being deficient by micronutrient status indicators in plasma of children in rural Nepal (n = 1000)1
| Indicator | Cut-off | No inflammation (95% CI) (n = 684) | Inflammation (95% CI) (n = 316) | OR (95% CI)2 | P3 |
| % | % | ||||
| Retinol, μmol/L | <0.7 | 4.4 (2.8, 5.9) | 17.4 (13.2, 21.6) | 4.6 (2.9, 7.3) | <0.0001 |
| <1.05 | 49.9 (46.1, 53.6) | 67.1 (61.9, 72.3) | 2.1 (1.6, 2.7) | <0.0001 | |
| β-Carotene, μmol/L | <0.09 | 38.2 (34.5, 41.8) | 48.7 (43.2, 54.3) | 1.5 (1.2, 2.0) | 0.002 |
| α-Tocopherol, μmol/L | <9.3 | 17.0 (14.1, 19.8) | 19.9 (15.5, 24.4) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) | 0.3 |
| <12.0 | 50.4 (46.7, 54.2) | 55.7 (50.2, 61.2) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) | 0.1 | |
| α-Tocopherol:cholesterol, μmol/mmol | <2.2 | 0.4 (0.0, 0.9) | 0.9 (-0.1, 2.0) | 2.2 (0.4, 10.8) | 0.3 |
| 25(OH)D, nmol/L | <50 | 17.7 (14.8, 20.6) | 16.1 (12.1, 20.2) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.28) | 0.5 |
| PIVKA-II, μg/L | >2 | 19.6 (16.6, 22.6) | 22.2 (17.5, 26.8) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.6) | 0.4 |
| PLP, nmol/L | <20 | 38.3 (34.7, 42.0) | 53.5 (48.0, 59.0) | 1.9 (1.4, 2.4) | <0.0001 |
| Cobalamin, pmol/L | <150 | 18.6 (15.6, 21.5) | 17.1 (13.0, 21.3) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 0.6 |
| Folic acid, nmol/L | <13.6 | 4.4 (2.8, 5.9) | 10.2 (6.8, 13.6) | 2.5 (1.5, 4.1) | 0.0007 |
| Ferritin, μg/L | <15 | 11.9 (9.5, 14.4) | 7.9 (4.9, 10.9) | 0.6 (0.4, 1.0) | 0.05 |
| TfR, mg/L | >8.3 | 35.8 (32.2, 39.4) | 49.4 (43.8, 54.9) | 1.7 (1.3, 2.3) | 0.0001 |
| TfR:ferritin, μg/μg | >500 | 15.1 (32.2, 39.4) | 12.7 (9.0, 16.3) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.2) | 0.3 |
| Total circulating selenium, μmol/L | <0.89 | 54.8 (51.1, 58.6) | 67.9 (62.8, 73.1) | 1.7 (1.3, 2.3) | 0.0001 |
| Total circulating copper, μmol/L | <11.8 | 0.9 (0.2, 1.6) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.9) | 0.3 (0.04, 3.0) | 0.3 |
| Thyroglobulin, μg/L | >40 | 11.8 (9.3, 14.2) | 10.5 (7.1, 13.9) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 0.2 |
| Any deficiency | ≥1 | 90.0 (87.7, 92.2) | 95.5 (93.3, 97.8) | 2.4 (1.3, 4.3) | 0.002 |
| Multiple deficiencies | ≥2 | 60.2 (56.5, 63.9) | 74.4 (69.5, 79.2) | 1.9 (1.4, 2.6) | <0.0001 |
Missing values: n = 1 for PIVKA-II and cobalamin, n = 2 for folic acid, n = 5 for ferritin and thyroglobulin, n = 1 for selenium and copper, n = 9 for any deficiency and multiple deficiencies. PIVKA-II, protein induced in vitamin K absence; PLP, pyridoxal-5′-phosphate; TfR, transferrin receptor; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
Determined by logistic regression for the likelihood of being considered micronutrient deficient in children with inflammation relative to those without.
P value for the OR of being classified with a micronutrient deficiency in children with inflammation relative to those without.