Table 3. Neuroprotective effects of DHA.

Neuroprotective Effect	References
(1) Anti-inflammatory. Reducing AA and metabolites via COX and lipoxygenase (PG, HETES, etc)	Tassoni et al., 2008; Rao et al. and Cao et al., 2007 (86-88)
(2) Insulin/trophic factor potentiation via Akt	Akbar et al., 2005 (32)
(3) Increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Rao et al., 2007; Wu et al., 2004 (34, 89)
(4) Antioxidant. Direct (?). Increasing AO enzymes (catalase, GSH peroxidase)	Yavin et al., 2002; Hashimoto et al., 2005; Hossain et al., 1999 (90-92)
(5) Anti-apoptotic. Increasing NPD1, anti-apoptotic& reducing pro-apoptotic proteins	Lukiw et al., 2005; Bazan et al., 2005 (41, 93)
(6) Promotes Neurogenesis	Innis et al., 2007 (94)
(7) Increasing a glucose transporter	Tsukada et al., 2000; Pifferi et al., 2007 (95, 96)
(8) Coupling blood flow to glucose utilization	Tsukada et al., 2000; Pifferi et al., 2007 (95, 96)
(9) Improving synaptic membrane fluidity	Hashimoto et al., 2006 (97)
(10) Increasing G-protein coupling	Litman et al., 2001 (98)
(11) PPAR or RXR agonists	Gani et al., 2008; Calderon, et al., 2007 (42, 99)

Abbreviations: antioxidant (AO); arachidonic acid, (AA); cyclooxygenase (COX); reduced glutathione (GSH); hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETE); prostaglandins (PG); neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1); peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR); retinoid X receptor (RXR).