Table 3.
Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals for autism based on continuous regional pollutant exposure (N=524)**.
| Regional Pollutant | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| PM2.5 | PM10 | O3 | Nitrogen Dioxide | ||
| First Year | Crude | 2.14 (1.48–3.09) | 2.14 (1.47–3.10) | 1.15 (0.72–1.84) | 2.06 (1.39–3.06) |
| Adjusted* | 2.12 (1.45–3.10) | 2.14 (1.46–3.12) | 1.15 (0.72–1.86) | 2.06 (1.37–3.09) | |
|
| |||||
| All Pregnancy | Crude | 2.11 (1.46–3.03) | 2.17 (1.50–3.13) | 1.08 (0.76–1.52) | 1.82 (1.26–2.64) |
| Adjusted* | 2.08 (1.93–2.25) | 2.17 (1.49–3.16) | 1.09 (0.76–1.55) | 1.81 (1.23–2.65) | |
|
| |||||
| First Trimester | Crude | 1.24 (0.99–1.56) | 1.47 (1.10–1.98) | 1.07 (0.86–1.33) | 1.47 (1.07–2.01) |
| Adjusted* | 1.22 (0.96–1.53) | 1.44 (1.07–1.96) | 1.08 (0.86–1.35) | 1.44 (1.05–1.20) | |
|
| |||||
| Second Trimester | Crude | 1.50 (1.16–1.93) | 1.82 (1.35–2.45) | 1.03 (0.84–1.27) | 1.62 (1.17–2.25) |
| Adjusted* | 1.48 (1.40–1.57) | 1.83 (1.35–2.47) | 1.04 (0.84–1.29) | 1.61 (1.15–2.25) | |
|
| |||||
| Third Trimester | Crude | 1.39 (1.11–1.75) | 1.61 (1.21–2.13) | 1.03 (0.84–1.27) | 1.65 (1.19–2.27) |
| Adjusted* | 1.40 (1.11–1.77) | 1.61 (1.20–2.14) | 1.03 (0.83–1.26) | 1.64 (1.18–2.29) | |
PM2.5 = particulate matter < 2.5μm aerodynamic diameter, PM10 = particulate matter < 10μm aerodynamic diameter. Models adjusted for child male gender, child ethnicity (Hispanic vs. White, Black/Asian/Other vs. White), maximum education of parents (parent with highest of four levels: college degree or higher vs. some high school, high school degree, or some college education), maternal age ( >35 years vs. ≤ 35years), and prenatal smoking (self report of ever vs. never smoked while pregnant).
Regional pollution effects reflect risk of autism based on 2 standard deviations from the mean value, specifically per increase of 8.7 μg/m3 PM2.5, 14.6 μg/m3 PM10, 14.1 ppb Nitrogen Dioxide, and 16.1 ppb Ozone.