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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 May 13.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2012 Sep;11(9):692–708. doi: 10.1038/nrd3757

Table 1.

Leptin in clinical settings

Condition Basal Serum Leptin Levels Intervention Outcome Reference(s)
Obesity (leptin deficiency) Absent (<0.04 ng/ml) Leptin Improves obesity and endocrinological imbalances 21–23
Obesity High (>15 ng/ml) Leptin Does not improve obesity 25, 26
Obesity High (>15 ng/ml) Leptin and Pramlintide Modestly improves obesity 27
 Lipodystrophy-induced T2DM Very Low (<5 ng/ml) Leptin Improves lipid and glucose imbalances 19, 20
 HIV and Lipodystrophy-induced T2DM Very Low (<5 ng/ml) Leptin Improves glucose but not lipid imbalances 34
 Lipodystrophy-induced T2DM Low (~5 ng/ml) Leptin Improves lipid but not glucose imbalances 32
Hypothalamic Amenorrhea Very Low (<5 ng/ml) Leptin Recuperates mestruation and corrects gonadal abnormalities 37–39
T2DM and Obesity High (>15 ng/ml) Leptin Poorly improves glucose imbalances 46, 47
T1DM and Lipodystrophy Very Low (<5 ng/ml) Leptin Improves lipid and glucose imbalances 42