Table 1.
Characteristics of the sample by diagnosis group
| All Gamblers (n=1,507) |
No Diagnosis (n=829) |
DSM-5 Only (n=115) |
Both Diagnoses (n=563) |
Test Statistic* |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender [males: n (%)] | 1,150 (76.3) | 609 (73.5)a | 86 (74.8)a, b | 455 (80.8)b | 10.19 | 0.006 |
| Race/Ethnicity [n (%)] | 21.36 | <0.0001 | ||||
| African American | 771 (51.2) | 380 (45.8)a | 63 (54.8)a, b | 328 (58.3)b | ||
| European American | 543 (36.0) | 341 (41.1)a | 36 (31.3)b | 166 (29.5)b | ||
| Hispanic | 98 (6.5) | 62 (7.5) | 5 (4.3) | 31 (5.5) | ||
| Other | 95 (6.3) | 46 (5.5) | 11 (9.6) | 38 (6.7) | ||
| Age (yr) [M (SD)] | 41.3 (10.2) | 41.0 (10.6) | 41.3 (10.5) | 41.7 (9.58) | 1.48 | 0.478 |
| Range (Min – Max) | 18–70 | 19–70 | 18–70 | 18–66 | ||
| Education (yr) [M (SD)] | 12.0 (1.96) | 12.2 (2.04)a | 11.9 (1.78)a, b | 11.8 (1.86)b | 17.51 | <0.0001 |
| SUDs (DSM-IV) | ||||||
| Alcohol [n (%)] | 1,306 (86.7) | 703 (84.8)a | 95 (82.6)a | 508 (90.2)b | 10.32 | 0.006 |
| Cocaine [n (%)] | 1,219 (80.9) | 636 (76.7)a | 99 (86.1)b | 484 (86.0)b | 20.73 | <0.0001 |
| Opioids [n (%)] | 647 (42.9) | 325 (39.2)a | 48 (41.7)a, b | 274 (48.7)b | 12.33 | 0.002 |
| Cannabis [n (%)] | 906 (60.1) | 445 (53.7)a | 70 (60.9)a, b | 391 (69.4)b | 34.81 | <0.0001 |
Test value: Results from ANOVA for continuous data and Chi-square analysis for categorical data. When ANOVA showed a significant difference (p<0.05), the post-hoc Tukey-Kramer test was used to specify the group differences. Superscript labels with different letters reflect significant group differences. SUD=substance use disorder