TABLE 1.

Chemicals used to inhibit specific death pathways in H-1PV-infected PDAC cells

Inhibitor	Source	Specific process/target	Mechanism of action and specific intracellular effects	Effective dose range	Dose used
Z-VAD-FMK	R&D Systems	Apoptosis (pan-caspases)	Cell permeative, irreversibly binds to caspases' catalytic sites; caspase inactivation might cause a shift toward necrosis	50 nM–100 μM	10 μM
3-MA	Sigma	Autophagy	Cell-permeating autophagic sequestration blocker; class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor	5–10 mM	1 mM
Ac-LVK-CHO	Calbiochem	Cathepsin B	Water-soluble cathepsin B inhibitor	10–50 nM	50 nM
CA-074 Me	Sigma	Cathepsin B	Cell-permeating, irreversible, selective cathepsin B inhibitor; activity depends on intracellular esterases	1–10 μM	1 μM
Z-FL-COCHO	Calbiochem	Cathepsin S	Slow, tight-binding, reversible inhibitor of cathepsin S	1–2 nM	1 μM
IM-54	Calbiochem	Oxidative stress-induced necrosis	Cell-permeating selective inhibitor of H2O2-induced necrosis; does not display antioxidant properties	1–10 μM	10 μM
Necrostatin-1	Sigma	Necroptosis (RIP1 kinase)	Inhibits RIP1 kinase and nonapoptotic cell death; inhibits MMP in TNF-α-treated Jurkat cells	20–300 μM	20 μM