F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis-mCh infection of zebrafish embryos. (A) Kaplan-Meier representation of cumulative survival of zebrafish embryos infected with approximately 9 × 103 (OD600 = 2), 9 × 102 (OD600 = 0.2), and 9 × 10 (OD600 = 0.02) CFU F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis-mCh at 28°C. (B) Time-dependent growth of F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis-mCh in zebrafish embryos infected with 9 × 103 CFU. The asterisk indicates a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). (C). Development of F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis-mCh granuloma-like structures in zebrafish embryos over time: 1 dpi (panels 1.1 and 1.2), 2 dpi (panels 2.1 and 2.2), and 3 dpi (panels 3.1 and 3.2). Insets show granuloma-like structures at higher magnification. (D) The most upregulated genes of zebrafish embryos infected with F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis-mCh. Scale bars, 200 μm (insets, 20 μm).