Table 1. Clinical, laboratory and anthropometric characteristics of the study participants with or without metabolic syndrome.

n (%)	Metabolic syndrome (−) (234, 80.4)	Metabolic syndrome (+) (57, 19.6)
Female, n (%)	158, 67.5	17, 29.8*
Age (years)	38, 19 to 68	44, 26 to 70*
Smoker, n (%)	60, 25.6	40, 70.2*
BMI (kg/m2)	23.6 ± 3.0	27.0 ± 2.6*
WC (cm)	82.0 ± 8.2	93.1 ± 7.5*
WHR	0.83 ± 0.06	0.90 ± 0.05*
Systolic BP (mmHg)	111.7 ± 13.2	126.7 ± 15.7*
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	68.5 ± 8.4	79.9 ± 9.4*
Fasting plasma insulin (pmol/L)†	34.7 ± 23.8	61.4 ± 36.2*
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)	4.9 ± 0.4	5.3 ± 0.6*
HOMA‐IR†	1.0 ± 0.7	2.0 ± 1.2*
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.6 ± 0.8	4.8 ± 09
Triglyceride (mmol/L)†	1.4 ± 0.7	3.1 ± 1.7*
HDL‐C (mmol/L)	1.3 ± 0.3	1.0 ± 0.2*
Total body fat (kg)	18.2 ± 5.0	21.2 ± 5.0*
Lean mass (kg)	42.3 ± 8.7	51.1 ± 10.6*
Trunk fat (kg)	8.3 ± 2.8	10.8 ± 2.8*
Total extremity fat (kg)	9.0 ± 2.6	9.3 ± 2.7
Total abdominal fat (cm2)	245.5 ± 85.4	335.2 ± 82.7*
Abdominal VAT (cm2)	75.1 ± 39.6	134.6 ± 52.7*
Abdominal SAT (cm2)	170.4 ± 64.8	200.7 ± 64.2*
Inbody‐weight (kg)‡	62.5 ± 10.4	75.4 ± 12.1*
Inbody‐fat (kg)‡	16.5 ± 4.2	20.4 ± 4.9*
Framingham score	3.0, −9.0 to 18.0	9.0, −7.0 to 17.0*
Framingham risk	0.5, 0.0 to 20.0	2.0, 0.0 to >30.0*
hsCRP (mg/dL)†	0.04, 0.01 to 2.63	0.08, 0.02 to 0.52*
RBP4 (μg/mL)†	52.2 ± 20.0	65.1 ± 26.8*
Adiponectin (μg/mL)†	9.0 ± 6.9	6.0 ± 5.8*
Leptin (ng/mL)†	7.3 ± 5.8	7.2 ± 5.5

Data are mean ± standard deviation or median (range), *P < 0.05. †Logarithmic transformation carried out before analysis. ‡Measured by bioimpedance analysis. BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HC, hip circumference; HDL‐C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA‐IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; hsCRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; RBP4, retinol‐binding protein 4; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist‐to‐hip ratio.