Figure 1.

 Effect of thiazolidinedione on bone metabolism. The activation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)γ by thiazolidinedione (TZD) stimulates adipogenesis, thereby regulating a number of cellular signaling pathways involved in bone metabolism. Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts is affected by preferential differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into adipocytes. Reduced osteoblastogenesis likely indirectly modulates osteoclastogenesis. Altered maturation of mesenchymal stem cells, in concert with humoral factors, shifts the balance between bone formation and resorption.