Ring cleavage reactions of the facial triad enzymes (A) homogentisate dioxygenase (HGDO) and (B) 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase (HADO) and their 3-His coordinated counterparts (C) gentisate dioxygenase (GDO), (D) 1-hydroxy 2-naphthoate dioxygenase (HNDO), (E) salicylate 1,2-dioxygenase (SDO) and (F) 5-chloro-gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (CGDO).