Table 3.
Relative risk of zoster in patients with key risk factors of interest and other covariates
| No (%) | Odds ratio (99% CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases (n=144 959) | Controls (n=549 336) |
Model 1* | Model 2† | Model 3‡ | ||
| Key risk factors of interest | ||||||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 3111 (2.1) | 8029 (1.5) | 1.52 (1.43 to 1.60) | 1.46 (1.38 to 1.55) | 1.22 (1.15 to 1.30) | |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | 387 (0.3) | 818 (0.1) | 1.85 (1.58 to 2.17) | 1.72 (1.45 to 2.04) | 1.60 (1.35 to 1.90) | |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 1851 (1.3) | 5118 (0.9) | 1.38 (1.29 to 1.48) | 1.36 (1.26 to 1.46) | 1.28 (1.18 to 1.38) | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 6815 (4.7) | 20 201 (3.7) | 1.34 (1.29 to 1.39) | 1.32 (1.27 to 1.37) | 1.22 (1.17 to 1.28) | |
| Asthma | 10 243 (7.1) | 31 865 (5.8) | 1.24 (1.20 to 1.28) | 1.21 (1.17 to 1.25) | 1.11 (1.06 to 1.16) | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 8724 (6.0) | 29 437 (5.4) | 1.20 (1.16 to 1.24) | 1.14 (1.09 to 1.18) | 1.12 (1.08 to 1.17) | |
| Depression | 6830 (4.7) | 22 052 (4.0) | 1.19 (1.15 to 1.24) | 1.15 (1.10 to 1.20) | 1.15 (1.10 to 1.19) | |
| Diabetes | 11 430 (7.9) | 41 320 (7.5) | 1.07 (1.04 to 1.10) | 1.02 (0.99 to 1.05) | 1.02 (0.99 to 1.05) | |
| Diabetes type:§ | ||||||
| No diabetes | 133 529 (92.1) | 508 016 (92.5) | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Type 1 | 396 (0.3) | 1054 (0.2) | 1.37 (1.18 to 1.60) | 1.27 (1.07 to 1.50) | 1.26 (1.06 to 1.49) | |
| Type 2 | 10 359 (7.1) | 38 136 (6.9) | 1.05 (1.02 to 1.09) | 1.01 (0.98 to 1.04) | 1.01 (0.98 to 1.04) | |
| Unknown | 675 (0.5) | 2130 (0.4) | 1.20 (1.07 to 1.35) | 1.13 (1.00 to 1.27) | 1.12 (0.99 to 1.27) | |
| Other covariates | ||||||
| Inhaled corticosteroids | 12 996 (9.0) | 38 902 (7.1) | 1.31 (1.28 to 1.35) | — | 1.13 (1.08 to 1.18) | |
| Severe immunosuppression: | ||||||
| HIV | 128 (0.09) | 97 (0.02) | 4.74 (3.34 to 6.73) | 5.07 (3.41 to 7.54) | 5.07 (3.41 to 7.54) | |
| Leukaemia | 205 (0.14) | 368 (0.07) | 2.14 (1.71 to 2.68) | 1.78 (1.39 to 2.28) | 1.77 (1.38 to 2.27) | |
| Lymphoma | 444 (0.31) | 386 (0.07) | 4.41 (3.68 to 5.28) | 3.90 (3.21 to 4.74) | 3.89 (3.20 to 4.73) | |
| Myeloma | 492 (0.34) | 816 (0.15) | 2.35 (2.03 to 2.73) | 2.16 (1.84 to 2.53) | 2.13 (1.82 to 2.51) | |
| Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation | 26 (0.02) | 3 (0.00) | 32.82 (6.80 to 158.44) | 13.46 (2.68 to 67.60) | 13.71 (2.73 to 68.94) | |
| Other unspecified cellular immune deficiencies | 95 (0.07) | 190 (0.03) | 1.90 (1.37 to 2.63) | 1.57 (1.10 to 2.22) | 1.49 (1.05 to 2.12) | |
| Oral corticosteroids | 2164 (1.49) | 3822 (0.70) | 1.82 (1.58 to 2.10) | — | 1.48 (1.27 to 1.72) | |
| Other immunosuppressive treatment | 502 (0.35) | 1058 (0.19) | 2.20 (2.05 to 2.36) | — | 1.82 (1.67 to 1.98) | |
*Adjusted for matching factors only.
†Adjusted for HIV, leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma, haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, other unspecified cellular immune deficiencies, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, chronic kidney disease, depression, diabetes, smoking, and alcohol.
‡Additionally adjusted for oral corticosteroids, other immunosuppressive treatment, and inhaled corticosteroids.
§Separate model run for diabetes type (no diabetes, type 1, type 2, unknown) instead of diabetes (yes/no).