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Effects of stimulation on learning. To index learning performance on a particular item pair, we computed the probability that subjects chose the item that was associated with a high reward probability (“accuracy”). During Stage 2, subjects demonstrated lower accuracy on the STIM+ pair compared with the SHAM pair. During Stage 3, we did not identify changes in accuracy between the STIM− and SHAM pairs. *p < 0.05. Error bars indicate SEM across subjects (n = 11).
