Table 2.
Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of incident coronary heart disease by history of kidney stones in the Health Professional Follow-Up Study, Nurses’ Health Study I and Nurses’ Health Study II cohorts
| HPFS | NHS I | NHS II | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No stones | Stones | No stones | Stones | No stones | Stones | |
| Total CHD | ||||||
| cases | 7,365 | 1 | 6,594 | 561 | 949 | 135 |
| person-years | 720,427 | 91 | 1,282,236 | 74,404 | 1,732,190 | 93,785 |
| Incidence rate* | 1,022 | 1 | 514 | 754 | 55 | 144 |
| age-adjusted HR | 1.0 | 1.18 [1.11, 1.25] | 1.0 | 1.41 [1.30, 1.54] | 1.0 | 2.19 [1.83, 2.63] |
| multivariate 1 HR | 1.0 | 1.09 [1.02, 1.16] | 1.0 | 1.21 [1.11, 1.32] | 1.0 | 1.56 [1.29, 1.87] |
| multivariate 2 HR | 1.0 | 1.06 [0.99, 1.13] | 1.0 | 1.18 [1.08, 1.28] | 1.0 | 1.48 [1.23, 1.78] |
| Fatal and non-fatal MI | ||||||
| cases | 3,137 | 493 | 2,527 | 216 | 429 | 57 |
| person-years | 725,451 | 92,061 | 1,286,070 | 74,751 | 1,732,882 | 93,893 |
| Incidence rate* | 432 | 536 | 196 | 289 | 25 | 61 |
| age-adjusted HR | 1.0 | 1.11 [1.01, 1.23] | 1.0 | 1.46 [1.27, 1.68] | 1.0 | 2.10 [1.58, 2.78] |
| multivariate 1 HR | 1.0 | 1.05 [0.95, 1.15] | 1.0 | 1.26 [1.09, 1.45] | 1.0 | 1.54 [1.15, 2.05] |
| multivariate 2 HR | 1.0 | 1.01 [0.92, 1.11] | 1.0 | 1.23 [1.07, 1.41] | 1.0 | 1.42 [1.07, 1.90] |
| Revascularization | ||||||
| cases | 5,090 | 859 | 5,141 | 451 | 685 | 100 |
| person-years | 721,356 | 91,294 | 1,283,255 | 74,484 | 1,732,449 | 93,824 |
| Incidence rate* | 706 | 941 | 401 | 606 | 40 | 107 |
| age-adjusted HR | 1.0 | 1.18 [1.09, 1.27] | 1.0 | 1.44 [1.31, 1.59] | 1.0 | 2.22 [1.79, 2.73] |
| multivariate 1 HR | 1.0 | 1.08 [1.00, 1.17] | 1.0 | 1.23 [1.12, 1.36] | 1.0 | 1.52 [1.22, 1.88] |
| multivariate 2 HR | 1.0 | 1.06 [0.98, 1.14] | 1.0 | 1.20 [1.09, 1.32] | 1.0 | 1.46 [1.17, 1.81] |
Multivariate 1 model adjusted for age, race, region of residence (5 categories), family history of heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, gout, elevated cholesterol, use of aspirin, thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, oral steroids, lipid-lowering drugs, calcium-channel blockers, beta blockers, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, other anti-hypertensive drugs, menopausal status (NHS I and NHS II), post-menopausal hormone use (NHS I and NHS II), profession (HPFS). Multivariate 2 model further adjusted for smoking status (3 categories), BMI (13 categories), physical activity (6 categories), quintiles of intake of calcium, potassium, magnesium, animal protein, total fat, vitamin D, caffeine, DASH score, alcohol. The number of cases for the secondary outcomes does not add up to the number of cases for the primary outcome because of some participants experiencing both MI and revascularization in the same time period.
Incidence rate expressed as number of events per 100,000 person-years.