Table 1.
Ciliary classification, function and disease relevance in mammals. Taken and modified with permission from [1].
| Axoneme | Motility | Function | Disease Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| “9+0” | Motile | Generation of nodal flow | Situs inversus; Situs ambiguous; Situs isomerism | [12,13,14] |
| Non-motile | Sensation of nodal flow | Situs inversus; Situs ambiguous; Situs isomerism | [14,15] | |
| Mechanosensor | Polycystic Kidney, Liver, and Pancreas Diseases | [5,16,17] | ||
| Shear stress sensor | Hypertension; Atherosclerosis; Aneurysm formation | [6,7,18,19] | ||
| Osmolarity sensor | Respiratory diseases; Infertility | [20,21] | ||
| Gravitational sensor | Osteoporosis; Chondroporosis | [22,23,24] | ||
| Olfaction sensor | Anosmia; Hyposmia | [25,26] | ||
| Light sensor | Retinitis pigmentosa; Blindness | [27,28,29] | ||
| Chemosensor | Nephrocystin; Diabetes; Obesity | [30,31,32] | ||
| Neurotransmitter sensor | Impaired brain plasticity | [33] | ||
| Developmental regulator | Developmental defects; Cancer | [34,35,36] | ||
| Pressure sensor | Bone maintenance, development | [22,37,38] | ||
| “9+2” | Motile | Chemosensor | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | [39] |
| Airway remodeling | Bronchiectasis; Hyperreactive airways | [40] | ||
| Fluid Clearance | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | [41,42,43] | ||
| Non-motile | Oocyte Transport | Infertility | [44,45] | |
| Sperm Motility | Infertility | [46,47,48] | ||
| Fluid Transport | Hydrocephalus; Cell Migration | [49,50,51] |