Table 1.
BPA effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in animal experiments
| Study | Sample | Dose | Route of administration | Time of exposure | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monje et al. [16] |
Female rats |
0.05, 20 mg/kg day |
Subcutaneous injections |
PND 1-7 |
BPA20 group no production of estradiol-induced LH surge; ERα expression increased in AVPV and decreased in arcuate nucleus (ARC); PR expression decrease in AVPV |
| Patisaul et al. [17] |
Rat offspring |
250 μg every 12 h |
Subcutaneous injections |
PND 1-2 |
Increased number of TH-positive cells in the male population |
| Rubin et al. [18] |
Mouse offspring |
0, 25,250 ng/kg BW/day |
Subcutaneous implantation (Alzet osmotic pumps) |
GD 8- d 16 of lactation |
BPA; 250 female offspring; significantly decreased number of TH-positive cells; alterations in sexually dysmorphic behavior |
| Kundakovic et al. [20] |
Mouse offspring |
2, 20, 200 μg/kg |
Oral administration |
GD O-19 |
Upregulation of Dnmt3a mRNA in the male prefrontal cortex correlated with hypermethylation of the Esr1 gene; downregulation of Dnmt1 in the female hypothalamus associated with hypomethylation of the Esr1 gene; decreased Esr1 expression in the male prefrontal cortex and in the female hypothalamus; changes in social, exploratory and anxiety-like behavior. |
| Fernandez et al. [21] |
Female rats, pituitary cells in vitro |
50, 500 μg/50 μl |
Subcutaneous injections |
PND 1-10 |
BPA500 significantly lower serum LH basally and after GnRH stimulation; alterations in GnRH pulsatility; advanced puberty onset |
| Navarro et al. [23] |
Male and females rats |
100, 500 μg/rat |
Subcutaneous injections |
PND 1-5 |
Decreased expression level of hypothalamic KiSS-1 mRNA at the prepubertal stage |
| Bai et al. [24] |
Male rat offspring |
2 μg/kg |
Subcutaneous injections |
GD 10- d 7 of lactation |
Up-regulation of KISS-positive AVPV cells in prepubertal, pubertal, and adult male rats exposed perinatally to BPA |
| Xi et al., 2011 [25] | Mice offspring | 12,25,50 mg/kg/day | By gavage | Dams: GD 1- PND 20; Pups: PND 21-49 | Dose-dependent increases in the expression levels of KiSS-1, GnRH and FSH mRNA in BPA-exposed female and male pups; inhibition in the expressions of testicular steroidogenic enzymes and the synthesis of testosterone in the male pups; greater aromatase expression level and synthesis of estrogen in the female pups |