Table 9. Conclusions on drugs to treat disorders of sleep and wakefulness in PD.

	Efficacy	Safety	Practice implications
Insomnia
Controlled-release formulation of levodopa/carbidopa	Insufficient evidence	Acceptable risk without specialized monitoring	Investigational
Pergolide	Insufficient evidence	Acceptable risk with specialized monitoring	Not useful
Eszopiclone	Insufficient evidence	Acceptable risk without specialized monitoring	Investigational
Melatonin 3–5 mg	Insufficient evidence	Acceptable risk without specialized monitoring	Investigational
Melatonin 50 mg	Insufficient evidence	Insufficient evidence	Investigational
Excessive daytime somnolence and the sudden onset of sleep
Modafinil	Insufficient evidence	Insufficient evidence	Investigational

Treatments with new conclusions have gray backgrounds and italicized text, and those with no changes have white backgrounds.

PD, Parkinson's disease.