Table 2.

Univariable and multivariable models for sustained use of non-opioid pain medicines

VARIABLE	THE UNIVARIABLE MODELS				MULTIVARIABLE MODEL
	OR	95% CI		P VALUE	OR	95% CI		P VALUE
Age 75–84a	1.12	0.87	1.44	0.3702	–	–	–	–
Age ≥85a	1.35	0.74	2.45	0.3285	–	–	–	–
Sex (F)	4.81	3.65	6.33	<0.0001*	4.3	3.22	5.72	<0.0001*
Education ≥HSb	0.89	0.7	1.13	0.3217	–	–	–	–
mCES-D ≥5	1.19	0.79	1.79	0.4047	–	–	–	–
Current smoker	0.83	0.55	1.23	0.3456	–	–	–	–
Alcohol at least once a month	0.43	0.32	0.57	<0.0001*	–	–	–	–
Initial insomnia (DFA)	1.89	1.48	2.41	<0.0001*	–	–	–	–
Intermittent (SCD)	2.18	1.67	2.85	<0.0001*	1.66	1.24	2.23	0.0007*
EMA	1.64	1.21	2.22	0.0015*	–	–	–	–
DaSOM	1.27	0.92	1.77	0.1495	–	–	–	–
MMSE 24–27c	0.96	0.59	1.56	0.8754	–	–	–	–
MMSE ≥28c	1.03	0.64	1.65	0.9182	–	–	–	–
Self-reported health (good or excellent)d	0.63	0.47	0.85	0.0024*	–	–	–	–
No. of Rx medse = 1	0.98	0.7	1.37	0.9078	0.88	0.6	1.27	0.4789
No. of Rx medse ≥2	1.77	1.34	2.35	<0.0001*	1.4	1.02	1.91	0.0348*
Ever diagnosed arthritisf	3.31	2.57	4.25	<0.0001*	2.84	2.16	3.72	<0.0001*

Note: OR reflects the odds of that variable being in the chronic user group, compared to the odds of that variable being in the reference group.

mCES-D = modified Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale; DFA = difficulty falling asleep (initial insomnia); SCD = sleep continuity disturbance (intermittent insomnia); EMA = early morning awakening (terminal insomnia); DaSOM = excessive daytime somnolence; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination.

^aCompared to age 65–74;

^bCompared to < HS;

^cCompared to MMSE 0–23;

^dCompared to self-reported health poor or fair;

^eIncluding analgesics, compared to No. of Rx meds;

^fArthritis examination started at wave 3.

^*p < 0.05.