Table 3.

Univariable and multivariable models for sustained use of opioid pain medicines

VARIABLE	UNIVARIABLE MODELS				MULTIVARIABLE MODEL
	OR	95% CI		P VALUE	OR	95% CI		P VALUE
Age 75–84a	2.37	1.47	3.83	0.000*	1.79	1.08	2.97	0.024*
Age ≥85a	3.02	1.19	7.66	0.020*	1.90	0.71	5.09	0.205
Sex (F)	5.00	2.47	10.11	<0.0001*	4.06	1.98	8.35	0.000*
Education ≥HSb	0.62	0.39	0.98	0.040*	–	–	–	–
mCES-D ≥5	1.84	0.96	3.53	0.066	–	–	–	–
Current smoker	1.17	0.57	2.40	0.679	–	–	–	–
Alcohol at least once a month	0.49	0.26	0.94	0.032*	–	–	–	–
Initial insomnia (DFA)	2.38	1.50	3.77	0.000*	–	–	–	–
Intermittent (SCD)	1.59	0.99	2.55	0.055	–	–	–	–
EMA	1.29	0.75	2.23	0.362	–	–	–	–
DaSOM	0.89	0.46	1.71	0.717	–	–	–	–
MMSE 24–27c	1.36	0.52	3.56	0.533	–	–	–	–
MMSE ≥28c	0.98	0.37	2.57	0.965	–	–	–	–
Self-reported health (good or excellent)d	0.41	0.26	0.67	0.000*	–	–	–	–
No. of Rx medse = 1	1.29	0.41	4.06	0.658	1.19	0.37	3.77	0.771
No. of Rx medse ≥2	7.91	3.39	18.44	<0.0001*	5.58	2.36	13.21	<0.0001*
Ever diagnosed arthritisf	5.44	2.85	10.40	<0.0001*	3.63	1.87	7.07	0.000*

Note: OR reflects the odds of that variable being in the chronic user group, compared to the odds of that variable being in the reference group.

mCES-D_ = modified Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale; DFA = difficulty falling asleep (initial insomnia); SCD = sleep continuity disturbance (intermittent insomnia); EMA = early morning awakening (terminal insomnia); DaSOM = excessive daytime somnolence; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination.

^aCompared to age 65–74;

^bCompared to < HS;

^cCompared to MMSE 0–23;.

^dCompared to self-reported health poor or fair;

^eIncluding analgesics, compared to No. of Rx meds;

^fArthritis examination started at wave 3.

^*p < 0.05.