Table 1.

The literature overview that studied cytokines release in condition other than TBI, infections, cardiac conditions, HIV, strokes, cerebrovascular conditions, cancers, immunotherapy, MS, or any condition in which the neurocognitive dysfunction is expected.

Reference	Systemic condition	Cytokines/inflammatory markers	PCS symptoms
Lenz et al. 2007 [22]	Polytrauma,	IL-6	Cognitive impairment
Hergenroeder et al. 2010 [23]	Orthopedic trauma, polytrauma	IL-6	Cognitive impairment
Hensler et al. 2002 [24]	Polytrauma	IL-6	Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Li et al. 2012 [17]	Fracture surgery, postoperative hip replacement	IL-6, S-100 B	Cognitive impairment and delirium
van Munster et al. 2010 [18]	Fracture surgery	IL-6, S-100 B	Cognitive impairment and delirium
Dowlati et al. 2010 [28]	Meta-analysis, polytrauma	TNF-α and IL-6	Depression
Wright et al. 2005 [29]	Polytrauma	IL-6, TNF-α,and IL-1	Changes in mood, impaired learning and memory
Wilson et al. 2002 [12]	Physical stress	IL-6	Physical or psychological stress
	Autopsy specimen	IL-1, IL-6, or TNF-a	Mild to moderate late-onset AD
Bastian et al. 2008 [30]	Trauma	IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ	Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Harrison et al. 2009 [138]	Trauma	IL-6, IL-1, and TNF	Changes in mood, impaired learning and memory
Haas 1996 [21]	Professional amateur sports athletes	IL-6, IL-1, TNF	PCS like symptoms and long-term depressive like behaviour
Kumbhare et al. 2009 [15]	Lumbar decompression surgery	IL-6	Cognitive impairment, systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Haensel et al. 2009 [31]	Obstructive sleep apnea	IL-6, TNF, TNF-R1	Cognitive functioning, mood, and sleep
Heffner et al. 2012 [32]	Acute stress	IL-6	Cognitive tests, sleep quality, depressive symptoms, perceived stress, and loneliness
Tsaoussoglou et al. 2010 [33]	Excessive daytime sleepiness, inflammation, and metabolic abnormalities.	(IL-6, TNF-alpha, CRP)	Sleep disruption, fatigability
van de Vyver and Myburgh 2012 [34]	Biopsy	IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, CK, TNF, LDH,	Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, cognitive impairment
Smith 2000 [35]	Overtraining syndrome (OTS)	IL-1-beta and/or IL-6 and/or TNF-alpha	Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Perl et al. 2003 [14]	Blunt trauma	IL-6, IL-8	Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Flohé et al. 2007 [36]	Soft tissue trauma, hip surgery	Heat shock protein, TNF-alpha	Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Barr et al. 2004 [37]	Work-related musculoskeletal disorders	IL-1, CTGF	Decreased locomotor function
Strecker et al. 2003 [38]	Blunt chest trauma	IL-8, IL-6, and CK	Systemic inflammatory response syndrome