Table 1. Patient characteristics.
| Total (n = 101) | Morning type (n = 32) | Evening type (n = 11) | Neither type (n = 58) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 53.9 ± 7.1 | 54.7 ± 7.2 | 50.6 ± 6.8 | 54.0 ± 7.0 |
| Estimated duration of diabetes (years) | 9.4 ± 7.4 | 9.7 ± 6.1 | 8.9 ± 5.8 | 9.4 ± 8.4 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.5 ± 4.1 | 25.7 ± 3.9 | 26.4 ± 3.6 | 25.2 ± 4.3 |
| HbA1c (NGSP;%) | 7.3 ± 1.2 | 7.2 ± 0.8 | 8.3 ± 1.8* | 7.2 ± 1.1 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 131.7 ± 14.8 | 133.9 ± 14.9 | 126.9 ± 15.6 | 131.4 ± 14.6 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 79.4 ± 10.0 | 80.5 ± 9.5 | 79.9 ± 7.8 | 78.7 ± 10.7 |
| HDL‐C (mg/dL) | 51.2 ± 12.5 | 55.1 ± 12.7 | 47.4 ± 9.1 | 49.9 ± 12.7 |
| LDL‐C (mg/dL) | 105.6 ± 28.5 | 100.0 ± 22.4 | 129.0 ± 24.1** | 104.1 ± 30.2 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 160.0 ± 92.9 | 137.6 ± 62.3 | 162.3 ± 75.7 | 171.2 ± 107.0 |
| MEQ | 53.7 ± 8.4 | 63.2 ± 3.3 | 38.5 ± 1.9** | 51.3 ± 4.1 |
| PSQI | 5.2 ± 2.9 | 4.2 ± 2.1 | 6.4 ± 2.1** | 5.5 ± 3.2 |
| BDI‐II | 8.2 ± 7.8 | 6.5 ± 4.9 | 10.3 ± 7.8 | 8.8 ± 8.9 |
| Sleep duration (min) | 378.1 ± 54.4 | 389.6 ± 47.4 | 379.1 ± 47.0 | 371.6 ± 56.9 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1812.0 ± 586.1 | 1788.8 ± 654.6 | 1758.9 ± 436.1 | 1845.5 ± 577.3 |
| Fat intake (g/day) | 49.4 ± 18.9 | 49.6 ± 23.0 | 45.5 ± 11.5 | 50.0 ± 17.6 |
| Carbohydrate intake (g/day) | 235.5 ± 85.3 | 225.4 ± 82.1 | 235.2 ± 77.8 | 241.1 ± 88.9 |
| Protein intake (g/day) | 68.4 ± 23.3 | 70.2 ± 27.9 | 57.4 ± 22.5 | 69.3 ± 20.6 |
| Physical activity (kcal/day) | 324.1 ± 349.8 | 345.3 ± 277.5 | 219.6 ± 190.7 | 333.2 ± 403.8 |
| Treatment modality (n%) | ||||
| Diet | 12 (11.9%) | 2 (6.3%) | 2 (18.1%) | 8 (13.8%) |
| OHA | 80 (79.2%) | 26 (81.3%) | 8 (72.7%) | 46 (57.5%) |
| Insulin | 9 (8.9%) | 4 (1.3%) | 1 (9.1%) | 4 (6.9%) |
BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; MEQ, morningness–eveningness questionnaire; NGSP, National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program; OHA, other hypoglycemic agents; PSQI, Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index.
Data are mean ± standard deviation or number (proportion) of patients (n = 101). Data obtained for the morning and evening groups were compared by the Mann–Whitney test or by chi‐square test for non‐continuous variables. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, by the Mann–Whitney test.