Table 1. Baseline characteristics according to groups categorized by intake of soybean products in men.
| Group 1 0 –1 time/week | Group 2 2 –3 times/week | Group 3 ≥4 times/week | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men with low BMI, n (<23.6 kg/m2) | 71 | 304 | 487 | |
| Age (years) | 53.6 ± 9.3 | 55.2 ± 7.3 | 55.9 ± 8.1 | 0.042 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.3 ± 1.7 | 21.7 ± 1.3 | 21.6 ± 1.5 | 0.080 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 116.8 ± 14.1 | 116.6 ± 16.1 | 117.6 ± 14.0 | 0.661 |
| HDL‐cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.40 ± 0.33 | 1.46 ± 0.35 | 1.49 ± 0.37 | 0.100 |
| LDL‐cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.11 ± 0.66 | 3.05 ± 0.76 | 3.08 ± 0.75 | 0.814 |
| Fasting PG (mmol/L) | 5.45 ± 0.4 | 5.48 ± 0.45 | 5.47 ± 0.48 | 0.860 |
| 2‐h PG (mmol/L) | 6.22 ± 1.26 | 6.55 ± 1.41 | 6.58 ± 1.40 | 0.126 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.42 ± 0.41 | 5.49 ± 0.34 | 5.45 ± 0.32 | 0.156 |
| Smoking status, % (never, current, ex‐) | 26.8, 42.3, 31.0 | 26.3, 35.2, 38.5 | 29.2, 24.2, 46.6 | 0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption, % (0, 1 –139, ≥140 g/week) | 16.9, 49.3, 33.8 | 15.5, 43.1, 41.4 | 15.8, 44.8, 39.4 | 0.835 |
| Physical activity, % (0, 1 –119, ≥120 min/week) | 59.2, 22.5, 18.3 | 49.3, 31.9, 18.8 | 47.2, 32.2, 20.5 | 0.391 |
| Green vegetable intake, % (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 21.1, 46.5, 32.4 | 8.9, 41.4, 49.7 | 3.1, 20.3, 76.6 | <0.001 |
| Other vegetable intake, % (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 21.1, 36.6, 42.3 | 4.3, 37.2, 58.6 | 0.8, 15.6, 83.6 | <0.001 |
| Fruit intake, % (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 54.9, 25.4, 19.7 | 31.6, 36.8, 31.6 | 17.0, 32.0, 50.9 | <0.001 |
| Egg intake, % (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 28.2, 50.7, 21.1 | 12.8, 44.7, 42.4 | 10.1, 35.7, 54.2 | <0.001 |
| Milk intake, % (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 42.3, 19.7, 38.0 | 31.3, 22.7, 46.1 | 19.1, 16.8, 64.1 | <0.001 |
| Meat intake, % (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 26.8, 60.6, 12.7 | 16.4, 56.9, 26.6 | 13.1, 42.7, 44.1 | <0.001 |
| Fish intake, % (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 23.9, 53.5, 22.5 | 7.9, 53.0, 39.1 | 2.7, 24.2, 73.1 | <0.001 |
| Grain intake (times/day) | 3.5 ± 1.2 | 3.4 ± 1.0 | 3.6 ± 1.0 | 0.212 |
| Men with high BMI, n (≥23.6 kg/m2) | 62 | 317 | 497 | |
| Age (years) | 55.4 ± 6.8 | 55.1 ± 7.7 | 56.3 ± 8.2 | 0.098 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.9 ± 1.7 | 25.9 ± 2.1 | 25.8 ± 2.0 | 0.814 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 124.5 ± 18.6 | 121.5 ± 14.4 | 122.8 ± 15.1 | 0.274 |
| HDL‐cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.34 ± 0.38 | 1.28 ± 0.27 | 1.32 ± 0.29 | 0.122 |
| LDL‐cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.20 ± 0.81 | 3.31 ± 0.77 | 3.24 ± 0.79 | 0.332 |
| Fasting PG (mmol/L) | 5.73 ± 0.46 | 5.66 ± 0.47 | 5.62 ± 0.45 | 0.127 |
| 2‐h PG (mmol/L) | 6.88 ± 1.61 | 6.83 ± 1.32 | 7.04 ± 1.36 | 0.098 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.56 ± 0.34 | 5.56 ± 0.31 | 5.54 ± 0.34 | 0.707 |
| Smoking status (never, current, ex‐) | 16.1, 30.6, 53.2 | 24.0, 28.7, 47.3 | 26.6, 24.7, 48.7 | 0.342 |
| Alcohol consumption, % (0, 1 –139, ≥140 g/week) | 22.6, 30.6, 46.8 | 15.8, 45.1, 39.1 | 10.9, 48.7, 40.4 | 0.015 |
| Physical activity, % (0, 1–119, ≥120 min/week) | 53.2, 33.9, 12.9 | 52.1, 28.1, 19.9 | 44.3, 31.6, 24.1 | 0.093 |
| Green vegetable intake, % (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 33.9, 27.4, 38.7 | 6.6, 43.2, 50.2 | 2.2, 21.3, 76.5 | <0.001 |
| Other vegetable intake,% (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 12.9, 37.1, 50.0 | 2.8, 32.8, 64.4 | 0.4, 13.1, 86.5 | <0.001 |
| Fruit intake, % (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 54.8, 14.5, 30.6 | 33.8, 33.4, 32.8 | 18.1, 31.4, 50.5 | <0.001 |
| Egg intake, % (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 35.5, 32.3, 32.3 | 13.2, 45.7, 41.0 | 8.5, 30.8, 60.8 | <0.001 |
| Milk intake, % (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 32.2, 25.8, 41.9 | 27.1, 22.7, 50.2 | 15.3, 20.5, 64.2 | <0.001 |
| Meat intake, % (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 45.2, 46.8, 8.1 | 17.0, 54.6, 28.4 | 14.5, 41.2, 44.3 | <0.001 |
| Fish intake, % (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 30.6, 48.4, 21.0 | 4.7, 49.2, 46.1 | 2.6, 26.0, 71.4 | <0.001 |
| Grain intake (times/day) | 3.4 ± 1.3 | 3.4 ± 1.0 | 3.5 ± 1.1 | 0.551 |
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; PG, plasma glucose.
Continuous data with a normal distribution were analyzed with the analysis of variance: mean ± standard deviation. Dichotomous and categorical data were analyzed with the chi‐squared‐test and Fisher's exact test: %.