Table 2. Baseline characteristics according to groups categorized by intake of soybean products in women.
| Group 1 0 –1 time/week | Group 2 2 –3 times/week | Group 3 ≥4 times/week | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women with low BMI, n (<22.0 kg/m2) | 21 | 190 | 433 | |
| Age (years) | 51.3 ± 9.4 | 53.6 ± 7.8 | 56.1 ± 7.8 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 20.1 ± 1.3 | 19.9 ± 1.4 | 20.0 ± 1.4 | 0.743 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 114.4 ± 19.9 | 114.8 ± 15.3 | 115.7 ± 15.8 | 0.775 |
| HDL‐cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.62 ± 0.26 | 1.73 ± 0.36 | 1.74 ± 0.38 | 0.410 |
| LDL‐cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.20 ± 0.84 | 3.09 ± 0.71 | 3.22 ± 0.69 | 0.091 |
| Fasting PG (mmol/L) | 5.21 ± 0.22 | 5.28 ± 0.42 | 5.29 ± 0.45 | 0.704 |
| 2‐h PG (mmol/L) | 6.30 ± 1.14 | 5.99 ± 1.31 | 6.00 ± 1.28 | 0.553 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.40 ± 0.33 | 5.43 ± 0.38 | 5.51 ± 0.32 | 0.016 |
| Smoking status, % (never, current, ex‐) | 71.4, 19.0, 9.5 | 85.8, 9.5, 4.7 | 90.8, 4.4, 4.8 | 0.012 |
| Alcohol consumption, % (0, 1 –139, ≥140 g/week) | 57.1, 33.3, 9.5 | 56.3, 36.8, 6.8 | 56.1, 40.2, 3.7 | 0.370 |
| Physical activity, % (0, 1–119, ≥120 min/week) | 57.1, 38.1, 4.8 | 57.9, 26.3, 15.8 | 41.1, 33.7, 25.2 | 0.001 |
| Green vegetable intake, % (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 14.3, 47.6, 38.1 | 3.7, 33.7, 62.6 | 2.3, 12.2, 85.5 | <0.001 |
| Other vegetable intake, % (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 14.3, 42.9, 42.9 | 2.1, 26.3, 71.6 | 0.9, 6.7, 92.4 | <0.001 |
| Fruit intake, % (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 14.3, 38.1, 47.6 | 15.3, 27.9, 56.8 | 4.2, 20.1, 75.8 | <0.001 |
| Egg intake, % (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 19.0, 52.4, 28.6 | 14.2, 45.3, 40.5 | 9.5, 39.3, 51.3 | 0.033 |
| Milk intake, % (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 28.6, 19.0, 52.4 | 11.1, 26.8, 62.1 | 7.4, 16.4, 76.2 | <0.001 |
| Meat intake,% (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 42.9, 38.1, 19.0 | 15.3, 52.6, 32.1 | 13.4, 39.5, 47.1 | <0.001 |
| Fish intake,% (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 38.1, 28.6, 33.3 | 6.3, 45.8, 47.9 | 1.4, 25.2, 73.4 | <0.001 |
| Grain intake (times/day) | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 0.940 |
| Women with high BMI, n (≥22.0 kg/m2) | 19 | 182 | 456 | |
| Age (years) | 53.6 ± 8.5 | 54.5 ± 7.9 | 56.7 ± 7.2 | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.2 ± 2.3 | 24.8 ± 2.5 | 24.7 ± 2.5 | 0.618 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 117.0 ± 21.5 | 123.3 ± 17.0 | 123.3 ± 16.6 | 0.272 |
| HDL‐cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.51 ± 0.41 | 1.55 ± 0.35 | 1.57 ± 0.34 | 0.675 |
| LDL‐cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.36 ± 0.58 | 3.45 ± 0.71 | 3.46 ± 0.74 | 0.862 |
| Fasting PG (mmol/L) | 5.39 ± 0.35 | 5.49 ± 0.45 | 5.41 ± 0.43 | 0.122 |
| 2‐h PG (mmol/L) | 6.28 ± 1.32 | 6.65 ± 1.34 | 6.64 ± 1.35 | 0.504 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.60 ± 0.29 | 5.60 ± 0.34 | 5.57 ± 0.31 | 0.605 |
| Smoking status,% (never, current, ex‐) | 94.7, 5.3, 0.0 | 89.0, 7.1, 3.8 | 93.9, 3.5, 2.6 | 0.253 |
| Alcohol consumption, % (0, 1 –139, ≥140 g/week) | 47.4, 52.6, 0.0 | 68.1, 26.4, 5.5 | 58.6, 36.8, 4.6 | 0.045 |
| Physical activity, % (0, 1 –119, ≥120 min/week) | 73.7, 21.1, 5.3 | 58.8, 26.9, 14.3 | 42.5, 35.5, 21.9 | 0.001 |
| Green vegetable intake, % (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 15.8, 47.4, 36.8 | 2.2, 33.0, 64.8 | 0.7, 11.8, 87.5 | <0.001 |
| Other vegetable intake, % (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 5.3, 36.8, 57.9 | 0.5, 22.0, 77.5 | 0.0, 6.4, 93.6 | <0.001 |
| Fruit intake, % (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 21.1, 26.3, 52.6 | 14.8, 36.3, 48.9 | 8.1, 19.7, 72.1 | <0.001 |
| Egg intake,% (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 31.6, 47.4, 21.1 | 12.6, 49.5, 37.9 | 10.5, 33.8, 55.7 | <0.001 |
| Milk intake, % (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 31.6, 26.3, 42.1 | 15.9, 25.8, 58.2 | 10.7, 20.0, 69.3 | 0.005 |
| Meat intake, % (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 21.1, 68.4, 10.5 | 18.1, 50.5, 31.3 | 13.6, 39.5, 46.9 | <0.001 |
| Fish intake, % (0 –1, 2 –3, ≥4 times/week) | 21.1, 52.6, 26.3 | 8.8, 41.8, 49.5 | 2.9, 17.3, 79.8 | <0.001 |
| Grain intake (times/day) | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 0.973 |
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; PG, plasma glucose.
Continuous data with a normal distribution were analyzed with the analysis of variance: mean ± standard deviation. Dichotomous and categorical data were analyzed with the chi‐squared‐test and Fisher's exact test: %.