Table 1.
OLS regression results.
| Variables | Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
Model 5 |
Model 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basic model | Basic model + controls | Knowledge | Participation | Interest | Full model | |
| Age (ref: 31+) | ||||||
| 16–17 | −1.005 (0.517) | −1.244** (0.458) | −1.210** (0.467) | −1.272** (0.438) | −1.09* (0.424) | −1.100** (0.419) |
| 18–21 | −1.562*** (0.361) | −1.138** (0.375) | −1.163** (0.366) | −1.201*** (0.353) | −0.429 (0.347) | −0.600 (0.332) |
| 22–25 | −0.690* (0.329) | −0.708* (0.306) | −0.771* (0.306) | −0.936** (0.302) | −0.295 (0.294) | −0.576* (0.293) |
| 26–30 | −1.040** (0.354) | −1.118*** (0.330) | −1.109*** (0.328) | −1.040*** (0.306) | −0.547 (0.293) | −0.565* (0.284) |
| Political knowledge | 0.703* (0.277) | 0.672** (0.253) | ||||
| Non-electoral participation | 3.396*** (0.499) | 2.423*** (0.511) | ||||
| Political interest | 6.815*** (0.689) | 5.841*** (0.709) | ||||
| Education | 1.332*** (0.250) | 1.013*** (0.251) | 1.012*** (0.249) | 0.659* (0.258) | 0.749** (0.242) | 0.533* (0.245) |
| Female | 0.075 (0.228) | 0.063 (0.216) | 0.089 (0.216) | 0.007 (0.208) | 0.154 (0.202) | 0.126 (0.197) |
| Rural residence | 0.156 (0.229) | 0.195 (0.222) | 0.179 (0.221) | 0.233 (0.213) | 0.254 (0.208) | 0.257 (0.202) |
| Migration background | −0.392 (0.306) | −0.513 (0.289) | −0.521 (0.293) | −0.431 (0.285) | −0.432 (0.270) | −0.393 (0.275) |
| EU attitude | −0.0002 (0.474) | 0.063 (0.474) | −0.496 (0.461) | −0.135 (0.429) | −0.409 (0.427) | |
| Trust in institutions | 3.043*** (0.773) | 2.964*** (0.776) | 2.718*** (0.755) | 1.559* (0.748) | 1.464* (0.738) | |
| Dem. satisfaction: National | 0.135 (0.281) | 0.126 (0.282) | 0.255 (0.276) | 0.103 (0.264) | 0.184 (0.263) | |
| Dem. satisfaction: EU | 0.311 (0.259) | 0.302 (0.260) | 0.224 (0.258) | 0.479 (0.247) | 0.385 (0.246) | |
| Impact of national parliament | 1.246*** (0.265) | 1.163*** (0.263) | 1.011*** (0.254) | 0.380 (0.253) | 0.256 (0.251) | |
| Impact of European Parliament | 0.998** (0.309) | 1.024** (0.314) | 0.851** (0.296) | 0.419 (0.289) | 0.422 (0.286) | |
| Constant | 7.217*** (0.245) | 3.960*** (0.529) | 3.522*** (0.553) | 3.479*** (0.504) | 3.044*** (0.498) | 2.413*** (0.496) |
| R2 | 0.055 | 0.16 | 0.169 | 0.219 | 0.273 | 0.308 |
| N | 699 | 699 | 699 | 699 | 699 | 699 |
*p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01; robust standard errors in parentheses; see Appendix for variable coding.