Table 1.
Characteristics of the MESA-Lung Sample Stratified by Race/Ethnicity and Gender
| Men (n=1,609) | Women (n=1,735) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||||||
| n = 3,344 | Non-Hispanic Whites |
African- Americans |
Hispanics | Chinese- Americans |
Non-Hispanic Whites |
African- Americans |
Hispanics | Chinese- Americans |
|
|
|
|||||||
| n (%) | 582(36) | 402(25) | 342(21) | 283(18) | 591(34) | 471(27) | 395(23) | 278(16) |
| Age, mean (SD), years |
66(9.8) | 66(9.7) | 64(10.0) | 66(9.7) | 66(10.0) | 66(9.5) | 65(9.8) | 66(9.6) |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||||||
| Never | 209(36) | 129(32) | 124(36) | 142(50) | 288(49) | 252(54) | 269(68) | 268(96) |
| Former | 328(56) | 198(49) | 175(51) | 119(42) | 255(43) | 160(34) | 102(26) | 6(2) |
| Current | 45(8) | 75(19) | 43(13) | 22(8) | 48(8) | 59(13) | 24(6) | 4(1) |
| Pack-years of smoking,* median (IQR) |
24.0 (9.0,44.0) |
20.3 (8.8,36.8) |
16.3 (5.9,34.5) |
17.5 (5.4,33.0) |
18.9 (6.0,36.8) |
17.3 (6.4,33.0) |
7.0 (2.0,16.5) |
13.5 (2.0,19.5) |
| Inhalational depth (cigarettes)† n(%) |
||||||||
| ‘Shallow’ | 25(7) | 12(4) | 17(8) | 20(14) | 11(4) | 16(7) | 22(17) | 2(20) |
| ‘Moderate’ | 37(10) | 51(19) | 44(20) | 30(21) | 40(13) | 56(26) | 37(29) | 5(50) |
| ‘Deep’ | 190(51) | 132(48) | 85(39) | 54(38) | 160(53) | 98(45) | 28(22) | 3(30) |
| ‘Very deep’ | 105(28) | 60(22) | 49(22) | 25(18) | 67(22) | 38(17) | 23(18) | 0(0) |
| Time until first cigarette‡ (SD), hours |
1.6(2.3) | 1.6(2.3) | 2.9(3.4) | 1.6(1.8) | 2.6(5.0) | 2.2(3.1) | 3.5(3.9) | 6.0(6.4) |
| Cigar use* n(%) | 155(42) | 67(25) | 36(17) | 6(5) | 10(3) | 10(5) | 2(2) | 0(0) |
| Cigar-years,§ median (IQR) |
20(10,39) | 15(7,55) | 10(6,24) | 29(16,51) | 16(8,28) | 17(5,30) | 0 (0,0) | 0(0,0) |
| Height, mean (SD), cm |
176(6.9) | 176(6.8) | 169(6.4) | 168(6.4) | 162(6.6) | 162(6.9) | 155(5.8) | 155(6.1) |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 |
28(4.1) | 28(4.6) | 29(4.1) | 24(3.2) | 28(5.8) | 31(6.2) | 30(5.4) | 24(3.4) |
| Educational attainment n(%) |
||||||||
| High school or vocational school |
108(19) | 134(33) | 190(56) | 69(24) | 134(23) | 138(29) | 235(59) | 94(34) |
| Incomplete college | 104(18) | 135(34) | 108(32) | 60(21) | 181(31) | 157(33) | 131(33) | 99(36) |
| Complete college | 149(26) | 70(17) | 24(7) | 76(27) | 138(23) | 90(19) | 14(4) | 59(21) |
| Graduate or Professional school |
221(38) | 63(16) | 20(6) | 78(28) | 138(23) | 86(18) | 15(4) | 26(9) |
| Household ETS exposure n(%) |
229(39) | 176(44) | 93(27) | 52(18) | 310(52) | 284(60) | 173(44) | 119(43) |
| Occupational exposure∥ n(%) |
269(46) | 237(59) | 237(59) | 62(22) | 213(36) | 221(47) | 177(45) | 44(16) |
| Asthma¶ n(%) | 52(9) | 32(8) | 16(5) | 14(5) | 54(9) | 56(11) | 38(10) | 10(4) |
| Hay-fever** n(%) | 200(34) | 114(28) | 70(20) | 90(32) | 238(40) | 189(40) | 112(28) | 88(32) |
| Ancestral principal Components (PC), median, [IQR] (n= 3,229) |
||||||||
| PC 1 | 0.020 [0.015, 0.043] |
0.805 [0.698, 0.870] |
0.073 [0.054, 0.169] |
0.091 [0.088, 0.095] |
0.0199 [0.015, 0.036] |
0.804 [0.689, 0.876] |
0.089 [0.062, 0.200] |
0.091 [0.088, 0.095] |
| PC | 2 0.032 [0.026, 0.043] |
0.252 [0.222, 0.272] |
0.307 [0.189, 0.425] |
0.977 [0.971, 0.982] |
0.032 [0.025, 0.042] |
0.252 [0.222, 0.274] |
0.299 [0.202, 0.432] |
0.976 [0.969, 0.982] |
| PC 3 | 0.175 [0.167, 0.182] |
0.250 [0.240, 0.259] |
0.451 [0.284, 0.564] |
0.027 [0.019, 0.038] |
0.176 [0.170, 0.184] |
0.250 [0.240, 0.256] |
0.428 [0.294, 0.566] |
0.028 [0.019, 0.040] |
| Lung function | ||||||||
| FEV1 (SD), L | 3.0(0.7) | 2.6(0.6) | 3.0(0.7) | 2.6(0.6) | 2.2(0.5) | 1.9(0.4) | 2.0(0.5) | 1.8(0.4) |
| FVC (SD), L | 4.3(0.8) | 3.6(0.7) | 3.9(0.8) | 3.5(0.7) | 2.9(0.6) | 2.4(0.5) | 2.6(0.5) | 2.4(.5) |
| FEV1/FVC ratio (SD), % |
72(9.1) | 72(10.7) | 75(8.8) | 74(8.6) | 74(7.8) | 77(8.0) | 78(6.9) | 76(6.6) |
| Airflow obstruction†† n(%) |
79(21) | 63(23) | 31(14) | 9(6) | 57(19) | 23(11) | 11(9) | 1(10) |
Abbreviations
CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; IQR, inter-quartile range; ETS, Environmental Tobacco Smoke (‘second-hand smoke’); FEV1, Forced Expiratory Volume in one second; FVC, Forced Expiratory Vital Capacity.
Footnotes
Among ever smokers.
Depth of cigarette smoke inhalation, from shallow (1) to very deep (4) among ever smokers.
Time between waking until first cigarette of the day.
The usual number of cigars smoked in a day multiplied by the number of years of cigar smoking, among ever cigar smokers.
Occupational exposure to dust, fumes or smoke.
Physician diagnosis of asthma < 45 years old.
History of hay-fever.
FEV1 < 80% predicted and FEV1/FVC < 0.7, among ever smokers.