Skip to main content
. 2014 Mar 24;4(8):1480–1490. doi: 10.1002/ece3.1047

Appendix B.

Model results.

Model AICc ΔAICc w k Deviance
Phi(.) p(sex+toe_lin) 849.53 0.00 0.07 4 841.47
Phi(.) p(sex+tech) 850.27 0.74 0.05 4 842.20
Phi(tech) p(sex) 850.91 1.38 0.04 4 842.85
Phi(sex) p(sex+toe_lin) 850.93 1.41 0.04 5 840.84
Phi(.) p(sex) 850.95 1.42 0.04 3 844.91
Phi(tech) p(sex+toe_lin) 851.29 1.76 0.03 5 841.19
Phi(.) p(sex+tech+toe_lin) 851.54 2.01 0.03 5 841.45
Phi(toe_lin) p(sex+toe_lin) 851.55 2.03 0.03 5 841.46
Phi(toe_lin) p(sex) 851.66 2.13 0.03 4 843.60
Phi(tech+toe_lin) p(sex) 851.68 2.15 0.03 5 841.58
Phi(sex) p(sex+tech) 851.70 2.17 0.03 5 841.60
Phi(tech) p(sex+tech) 851.98 2.46 0.02 5 841.89
Phi(tech+toe_lin) p(sex+toe_lin) 852.13 2.60 0.02 6 840.00
Phi(toe_lin) p(sex+tech) 852.27 2.74 0.02 5 842.18
Phi(sex) p(sex) 852.33 2.80 0.02 4 844.27
Phi(tech+toe_lin) p(sex+toe_lin) 852.44 2.91 0.02 6 840.30
Phi(sex+toe_lin) p(sex) 852.62 3.09 0.02 5 842.53
Phi(tech+toe_lin) p(sex) 852.76 3.23 0.01 5 842.67
Phi(sex) p(sex+tech+toe_lin) 852.95 3.42 0.01 6 840.81
Phi(sex+toe_lin) p(sex+toe_lin) 852.96 3.43 0.01 6 840.83
Phi(sex+tech) p(sex+tech) 853.12 3.59 0.01 6 840.98
Phi(tech) p(sex+tech+toe_lin) 853.22 3.69 0.01 6 841.09
Phi(tech+toe_lin) p(sex+tech+toe_lin) 853.31 3.78 0.01 7 839.13
Phi(.) p(sex) 853.36 3.83 0.01 6 841.22
Phi(.) p(g+sex+tech) 853.36 3.83 0.01 6 841.22
Phi(.) p(g+sex+toe_lin) 853.36 3.83 0.01 6 841.22
Phi(.) p(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) 853.36 3.83 0.01 6 841.22
Phi(sex+tech+toe_lin) p(sex+toe_lin) 853.44 3.91 0.01 7 839.26
Phi(sex+tech+toe_lin) p(sex) 853.53 4.00 0.01 6 841.40
Phi(toe_lin) p(sex+tech+toe_lin) 853.57 4.05 0.01 6 841.44
Phi(sex+toe_lin) p(sex+tech) 853.61 4.08 0.01 6 841.47
Phi(tech+toe_lin) p(sex+tech) 853.65 4.12 0.01 6 841.51
Phi(g) p(sex+toe_lin) 853.75 4.22 0.01 7 839.57
Phi(g+tech) p(sex+toe_lin) 853.75 4.22 0.01 7 839.57
Phi(g+toe_lin) p(sex+toe_lin) 853.75 4.22 0.01 7 839.57
p(g+tech+toe_lin) p(sex+toe_lin) 853.75 4.22 0.01 7 839.57
Phi(g) p(sex) 853.75 4.22 0.01 6 841.62
Phi(g+tech) p(sex) 853.75 4.22 0.01 6 841.62
Phi(g+toe_lin) p(sex) 853.75 4.22 0.01 6 841.62
Phi(g+tech+toe_lin) p(sex) 853.75 4.22 0.01 6 841.62
Phi(sex+tech) p(sex+tech+toe_lin) 854.29 4.76 0.01 7 840.11
Phi(sex+tech+toe_lin) p(sex+tech+toe_lin) 854.46 4.93 0.01 8 838.23
Phi(g+sex) p(sex) 854.53 5.00 0.01 7 840.35
Phi(g+sex+tech) p(sex) 854.53 5.00 0.01 7 840.35
Phi(g+sex+toe_lin) p(sex) 854.53 5.00 0.01 7 840.35
Phi(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) p(sex) 854.53 5.00 0.01 7 840.35
Phi(sex) p(g+sex) 854.75 5.22 0.01 7 840.58
Phi(sex) p(g) p(sex+tech) 854.75 5.22 0.01 7 840.58
Phi(sex) p(g+sex+toe_lin) 854.75 5.22 0.01 7 840.58
Phi(sex) p(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) 854.75 5.22 0.01 7 840.58
Phi(sex+tech+toe_lin) p(sex+tech) 854.83 5.30 0.01 7 840.65
Phi(g) p(sex+tech) 854.92 5.39 0.01 7 840.75
Phi(g+tech) p(sex+tech) 854.92 5.39 0.01 7 840.75
Phi(g+toe_lin) p(sex+tech) 854.92 5.39 0.01 7 840.75
Phi(g+tech+toe_lin) p(sex+tech) 854.92 5.39 0.01 7 840.75
Phi(sex+toe_lin) p(sex+tech+toe_lin) 854.97 5.44 0.00 7 840.80
Phi(g+sex) p(sex+toe_lin) 855.00 5.47 0.00 8 838.77
Phi(g+sex+tech) p(sex+toe_lin) 855.00 5.47 0.00 8 838.77
Phi(g+sex+toe_lin) p(sex+toe_lin) 855.00 5.47 0.00 8 838.77
Phi(tech) p(g+sex) 855.02 5.49 0.00 7 840.84
Phi(tech) p(g+sex+tech) 855.02 5.49 0.00 7 840.84
Phi(tech) p(g+sex+toe_lin) 855.02 5.49 0.00 7 840.84
Phi(tech) p(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) 855.02 5.49 0.00 7 840.84
Phi(g) p(sex+tech+toe_lin) 855.08 5.56 0.00 8 838.86
Phi(g+tech) p(sex+tech+toe_lin) 855.08 5.56 0.00 8 838.86
Phi(g+toe_lin) p(sex+tech+toe_lin) 855.08 5.56 0.00 8 838.86
Phi(tech+toe_lin) p(g+sex) 855.10 5.57 0.00 8 838.87
Phi(tech+toe_lin) p(g+sex+tech) 855.10 5.57 0.00 8 838.87
Phi(tech+toe_lin) p(g+sex+toe_lin) 855.10 5.57 0.00 8 838.87
Phi(toe_lin) p(g+sex) 855.40 5.87 0.00 7 841.22
Phi(toe_lin) p(g+sex+tech) 855.40 5.87 0.00 7 841.22
Phi(toe_lin) p(g+sex+toe_lin) 855.40 5.87 0.00 7 841.22
Phi(toe_lin) p(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) 855.40 5.87 0.00 7 841.22
Phi(g+sex) p(sex+tech) 856.05 6.52 0.00 8 839.82
Phi(g+sex+tech) p(sex+tech) 856.05 6.52 0.00 8 839.82
Phi(g+sex+toe_lin) p(sex+tech) 856.05 6.52 0.00 8 839.82
Phi(sex+tech) p(g+sex) 856.05 6.53 0.00 8 839.83
Phi(sex+tech) p(g+sex+tech) 856.05 6.53 0.00 8 839.83
Phi(sex+tech) p(g+sex+toe_lin) 856.05 6.53 0.00 8 839.83
Phi(g+sex) p(sex+tech+toe_lin) 856.20 6.67 0.00 9 837.92
Phi(g+sex+tech) p(sex+tech+toe_lin) 856.20 6.67 0.00 9 837.92
Phi(g+sex+toe_lin) p(sex+tech+toe_lin) 856.20 6.67 0.00 9 837.92
Phi(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) p(sex+tech+toe_lin) 856.20 6.67 0.00 9 837.92
Phi(sex+tech+toe_lin) p(g+sex) 856.23 6.70 0.00 9 837.94
Phi(sex+tech+toe_lin) p(g+sex+tech) 856.23 6.70 0.00 9 837.94
Phi(sex+tech+toe_lin) p(g+sex+toe_lin) 856.23 6.70 0.00 9 837.94
Phi(sex+tech+toe_lin) p(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) 856.23 6.70 0.00 9 837.94
Phi(sex+toe_lin) p(g+sex) 856.78 7.25 0.00 8 840.55
Phi(sex+toe_lin) p(g+sex+tech) 856.78 7.25 0.00 8 840.55
Phi(sex+toe_lin) p(g+sex+toe_lin) 856.78 7.25 0.00 8 840.55
Phi(sex+toe_lin) p(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) 856.78 7.25 0.00 8 840.55
Phi(g+sex+tech+toe_lin p(sex+toe_lin) 857.06 7.53 0.00 9 838.77
Phi(.) phi g p(g+sex) 857.07 7.54 0.00 9 838.79
Phi(g+tech) p(g+sex) 857.07 7.54 0.00 9 838.79
Phi(g+toe_lin) p(g+sex) 857.07 7.54 0.00 9 838.79
Phi(g) p(g+sex+tech) 857.07 7.54 0.00 9 838.79
Phi(g) p(g+sex+toe_lin) 857.07 7.54 0.00 9 838.79
Phi(g+tech) p(g+sex+toe_lin) 857.07 7.54 0.00 9 838.79
Phi(g+toe_lin) p(g+sex+toe_lin) 857.07 7.54 0.00 9 838.79
Phi(g+tech+toe_lin) p(g+sex+toe_lin) 857.07 7.54 0.00 9 838.79
Phi(g) p(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) 857.07 7.54 0.00 9 838.79
Phi(g+tech) p(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) 857.07 7.54 0.00 9 838.79
Phi(g+tech+toe_lin) p(sex+tech+toe_lin) 857.14 7.61 0.00 9 838.86
Phi(tech+toe_lin) p(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) 857.16 7.63 0.00 9 838.87
Phi(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) p(sex+tech) 858.11 8.58 0.00 9 839.82
Phi(sex+tech) p(g) p(sex+tech+toe_lin) 858.11 8.58 0.00 9 839.83
Phi(g+sex) p(g+sex) 858.19 8.66 0.00 10 837.84
Phi(g+sex+tech) p(g+sex) 858.19 8.66 0.00 10 837.84
Phi(g+sex+toe_lin) p(g+sex) 858.19 8.66 0.00 10 837.84
Phi(g+sex) p(g+sex+tech) 858.19 8.66 0.00 10 837.84
Phi(g+sex+tech) p(g+sex+tech) 858.19 8.66 0.00 10 837.84
Phi(g+sex+toe_lin) p(g+sex+tech) 858.19 8.66 0.00 10 837.84
Phi(g+sex) p(g+sex+toe_lin) 858.19 8.66 0.00 10 837.84
Phi(g+sex+tech) p(g+sex+toe_lin) 858.19 8.66 0.00 10 837.84
Phi(g+tech+toe_lin) p(g+sex) 859.14 9.61 0.00 10 838.79
Phi(g+tech) p(g+sex+tech) 859.14 9.61 0.00 10 838.79
Phi(g+toe_lin) p(g+sex+tech) 859.14 9.61 0.00 10 838.79
Phi(g+tech+toe_lin) p(g+sex+tech) 859.14 9.61 0.00 10 838.79
Phi(g+toe_lin) p(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) 859.14 9.61 0.00 10 838.79
Phi(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) p(g+sex) 860.26 10.73 0.00 11 837.84
Phi(g+sex+toe_lin) p(g+sex+toe_lin) 860.26 10.73 0.00 11 837.84
Phi(g+sex) p(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) 860.26 10.73 0.00 11 837.84
Phi(g+sex+toe_lin) p(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) 860.26 10.73 0.00 11 837.84
Phi(g+tech+toe_lin) p(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) 861.21 11.68 0.00 11 838.79
Phi(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) p(g+sex+tech) 862.34 12.81 0.00 12 837.84
Phi(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) p(g+sex+toe_lin) 862.34 12.81 0.00 12 837.84
Phi(g+sex+tech) p(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) 862.34 12.81 0.00 12 837.84
Phi(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) p(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) 866.51 16.98 0.00 14 837.84
Phi(sex) p(toe_lin) 870.13 20.60 0.00 4 862.07
Phi(sex) p(tech) 870.94 21.41 0.00 4 862.88
Phi(sex+toe_lin) p(toe_lin) 871.07 21.54 0.00 5 860.98
Phi(sex+tech+toe_lin) p(toe_lin) 871.98 22.45 0.00 6 859.85
Phi(sex) p(.) 871.99 22.46 0.00 3 865.95
Phi(sex+tech) p(toe_lin) 872.05 22.52 0.00 5 861.96
Phi(sex) p(tech+toe_lin) 872.14 22.62 0.00 5 862.05
Phi(sex+toe_lin) p(tech) 872.43 22.90 0.00 5 862.33
Phi(sex+tech) p(tech) 872.85 23.32 0.00 5 862.75
Phi(sex+toe_lin) p(tech+toe_lin) 873.10 23.57 0.00 6 860.97
Phi(sex+tech) p(.) 873.35 23.82 0.00 4 865.29
Phi(sex+tech+toe_lin) p(tech+toe_lin) 873.35 23.82 0.00 7 859.17
Phi(g+sex) p(toe_lin) 873.60 24.07 0.00 7 859.42
Phi(g+sex+tech) p(toe_lin) 873.60 24.07 0.00 7 859.42
Phi(g+sex+toe_lin) p(toe_lin) 873.60 24.07 0.00 7 859.42
Phi(sex+toe_lin) p(.) 873.75 24.22 0.00 4 865.68
Phi(sex) p(g) 873.83 24.30 0.00 6 861.69
Phi(sex) p(g+tech) 873.83 24.30 0.00 6 861.69
Phi(sex) p(g+toe_lin) 873.83 24.30 0.00 6 861.69
Phi(sex+tech) p(tech+toe_lin) 874.09 24.56 0.00 6 861.95
Phi(sex+tech+toe_lin) p(tech) 874.22 24.69 0.00 6 862.08
Phi(sex+toe_lin) p(g) 874.85 25.32 0.00 7 860.67
Phi(sex+toe_lin) p(g+tech) 874.85 25.32 0.00 7 860.67
Phi(sex+toe_lin) p(g+toe_lin) 874.85 25.32 0.00 7 860.67
Phi(sex+tech+toe_lin) p(g) 875.03 25.50 0.00 8 858.80
Phi(sex+tech+toe_lin) p(g+tech) 875.03 25.50 0.00 8 858.80
Phi(sex+tech+toe_lin) p(g+toe_lin) 875.03 25.50 0.00 8 858.80
Phi(g+sex) p(tech+toe_lin) 875.09 25.56 0.00 8 858.86
Phi(g+sex+tech) p(tech+toe_lin) 875.09 25.56 0.00 8 858.86
Phi(g+sex+toe_lin) p(tech+toe_lin) 875.09 25.56 0.00 8 858.86
Phi(sex+tech+toe_lin p(.) 875.09 25.57 0.00 5 865.00
Phi(g+sex) p(tech) 875.49 25.96 0.00 7 861.32
Phi(g+sex+tech) p(tech) 875.49 25.96 0.00 7 861.32
Phi(g+sex+toe_lin) p(tech) 875.49 25.96 0.00 7 861.32
Phi(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) p(tech) 875.49 25.96 0.00 7 861.32
Phi(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) p(toe_lin) 875.65 26.12 0.00 8 859.42
Phi(sex+tech) p(g) 875.80 26.27 0.00 7 861.62
Phi(sex+tech) p(g+tech) 875.80 26.27 0.00 7 861.62
Phi(sex+tech) p(g+toe_lin) 875.80 26.27 0.00 7 861.62
Phi(sex+tech) p(g+tech+toe_lin) 875.80 26.27 0.00 7 861.62
Phi(sex) p(g+tech+toe_lin) 875.87 26.34 0.00 7 861.69
Phi(g+sex) p(.) 876.02 26.49 0.00 6 863.89
Phi(g+sex+tech) p(.) 876.02 26.49 0.00 6 863.89
Phi(g+sex+toe_lin) p(.) 876.02 26.49 0.00 6 863.89
Phi(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) p(.) 876.02 26.49 0.00 6 863.89
Phi(sex+toe_lin) p(g+tech+toe_lin) 876.90 27.37 0.00 8 860.67
Phi(g+sex) p(g) 877.02 27.49 0.00 9 858.73
Phi(g+sex+tech) p(g) 877.02 27.49 0.00 9 858.73
Phi(g+sex+toe_lin) p(g) 877.02 27.49 0.00 9 858.73
Phi(g+sex) p(g+tech) 877.02 27.49 0.00 9 858.73
Phi(g+sex+tech) p(g+tech) 877.02 27.49 0.00 9 858.73
Phi(g+sex+toe_lin) p(g+tech) 877.02 27.49 0.00 9 858.73
Phi(g+sex) p(g+toe_lin) 877.02 27.49 0.00 9 858.73
Phi(g+sex+toe_lin) p(g+toe_lin) 877.02 27.49 0.00 9 858.73
Phi(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) p(g+toe_lin) 877.02 27.49 0.00 9 858.73
Phi(sex+tech+toe_lin) p(g+tech+toe_lin) 877.08 27.55 0.00 9 858.80
Phi(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) p(tech+toe_lin) 877.14 27.62 0.00 9 858.86
Phi(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) p(g) 879.08 29.55 0.00 10 858.73
Phi(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) p(g+tech) 879.08 29.55 0.00 10 858.73
Phi(g+sex+tech) p(g+toe_lin) 879.08 29.55 0.00 10 858.73
Phi(g+sex) p(g+tech+toe_lin) 879.08 29.55 0.00 10 858.73
Phi(g+sex+toe_lin) p(g+tech+toe_lin) 879.08 29.55 0.00 10 858.73
Phi(g+sex+tech+toe_lin) p(g+tech+toe_lin) 879.08 29.55 0.00 10 858.73
Phi(.) p(toe_lin) 880.41 30.88 0.00 3 874.37
Phi(g+sex+tech) p(g+tech+toe_lin) 881.15 31.62 0.00 11 858.73
Phi(.) p(tech) 881.33 31.80 0.00 3 875.29
Phi(.) p(.) 881.96 32.43 0.00 2 877.94
Phi(tech) p(toe_lin) 882.33 32.80 0.00 4 874.27
Phi(tech) p(.) 882.36 32.83 0.00 3 876.32
Phi(.) p(tech+toe_lin) 882.36 32.83 0.00 4 874.30
Phi(toe_lin) p(toe_lin) 882.36 32.83 0.00 4 874.30
Phi(toe_lin) p(.) 882.95 33.42 0.00 3 876.91
Phi(tech+toe_lin) p(toe_lin) 883.13 33.60 0.00 5 873.04
Phi(tech) p(tech) 883.21 33.69 0.00 4 875.15
Phi(toe_lin) p(tech) 883.35 33.82 0.00 4 875.29
Phi(.) p(g) 883.77 34.24 0.00 5 873.68
Phi(.) p(g+tech) 883.77 34.24 0.00 5 873.68
Phi(.) p(g+toe_lin) 883.77 34.24 0.00 5 873.68
Phi(.) p(g+tech+toe_lin) 883.77 34.24 0.00 5 873.68
Phi(tech+toe_lin) p(tech) p(toe_lin) 884.09 34.56 0.00 6 871.96
Phi(tech) p(tech+toe_lin) 884.21 34.69 0.00 5 874.12
Phi(tech+toe_lin) p(.) 884.24 34.71 0.00 4 876.18
Phi(toe_lin) p(tech+toe_lin) 884.33 34.80 0.00 5 874.24
Phi(g) p(toe_lin) 884.47 34.94 0.00 6 872.34
Phi(g+tech) p(toe_lin) 884.47 34.94 0.00 6 872.34
Phi(g+toe_lin) p(toe_lin) 884.47 34.94 0.00 6 872.34
Phi(g+tech+toe_lin) p(toe_lin) 884.47 34.94 0.00 6 872.34
Phi(g) p(.) 884.72 35.19 0.00 5 874.63
Phi(g+tech) p(.) 884.72 35.19 0.00 5 874.63
Phi(g+toe_lin) p(.) 884.72 35.19 0.00 5 874.63
Phi(tech+toe_lin) p(tech) 884.90 35.38 0.00 5 874.81
Phi(tech+toe_lin) p(g) 885.48 35.95 0.00 7 871.30
Phi(tech+toe_lin) p(g+tech) 885.48 35.95 0.00 7 871.30
Phi(tech+toe_lin) p(g+toe_lin) 885.48 35.95 0.00 7 871.30
Phi(tech) p(g) 885.60 36.07 0.00 6 873.46
Phi(tech) p(g+tech) 885.60 36.07 0.00 6 873.46
Phi(tech) p(g+toe_lin) 885.60 36.07 0.00 6 873.46
Phi(g) p(tech+toe_lin) 885.68 36.15 0.00 7 871.50
Phi(g+tech) p(tech) p(toe_lin) 885.68 36.15 0.00 7 871.50
Phi(g+toe_lin) p(tech+toe_lin) 885.68 36.15 0.00 7 871.50
Phi(toe_lin) p(g) 885.77 36.24 0.00 6 873.64
Phi(toe_lin) p(g+tech) 885.77 36.24 0.00 6 873.64
Phi(toe_lin) p(g+toe_lin) 885.77 36.24 0.00 6 873.64
Phi(toe_lin) p(g+tech+toe_lin) 885.77 36.24 0.00 6 873.64
Phi(g) p(tech) 885.77 36.24 0.00 6 873.64
Phi(g+tech) p(tech) 885.77 36.24 0.00 6 873.64
Phi(g+toe_lin) p(tech) 885.77 36.24 0.00 6 873.64
Phi(g+tech+toe_lin) p(tech) 885.77 36.24 0.00 6 873.64
p(g+tech+toe_lin) p(.) 886.76 37.23 0.00 6 874.63
Phi(g) p(g) 887.46 37.93 0.00 8 871.23
Phi(g+tech) p(g) 887.46 37.93 0.00 8 871.23
Phi(g+toe_lin) p(g) 887.46 37.93 0.00 8 871.23
Phi(g) p(g+tech) 887.46 37.93 0.00 8 871.23
Phi(g+toe_lin) p(g+tech) 887.46 37.93 0.00 8 871.23
Phi(g+tech+toe_lin) p(g+tech) 887.46 37.93 0.00 8 871.23
Phi(g) p(g+toe_lin) 887.46 37.93 0.00 8 871.23
Phi(g+tech) p(g+toe_lin) 887.46 37.93 0.00 8 871.23
Phi(tech+toe_lin) p(g+tech+toe_lin) 887.53 38.00 0.00 8 871.30
Phi(tech) p(g+tech+toe_lin) 887.64 38.11 0.00 7 873.46
Phi(g+tech+toe_lin) p(g) 889.52 39.99 0.00 9 871.23
Phi(g+tech) p(g+tech) 889.52 39.99 0.00 9 871.23
Phi(g+toe_lin) p(g+toe_lin) 889.52 39.99 0.00 9 871.23
Phi(g) p(g+tech+toe_lin) 889.52 39.99 0.00 9 871.23
Phi(g+toe_lin) p(g+tech+toe_lin) 889.52 39.99 0.00 9 871.23
p(g+tech+toe_lin) p(g+tech+toe_lin) 889.52 39.99 0.00 9 871.23
p(g+tech+toe_lin) p(tech+toe_lin) 889.79 40.26 0.00 9 871.50
p(g+tech+toe_lin) p(g+toe_lin) 891.58 42.05 0.00 10 871.23
Phi(g+tech) p(g+tech+toe_lin) 891.58 42.05 0.00 10 871.23

AICc, Akaike's information criteria with small sample size correction; ΔAICc, difference between top model and the current model; wi, AICc weights; K, number of parameters; Deviance, difference of the current model and the saturated model. Parameter abbreviations: (.), constant; (sex), varies by sex; (g), varies by group; (toe_lin), varies with linear trend effect; (tech), varies by marking technique.