Table 1.

Neural mechanisms related to specific urologic symptoms

Symptom	Putative neural mechanisms(s)	Neuraxis level
Pain associated with bladder filling and relieved with bladder emptying	Afferent sensitization to mechanoreceptors	Peripheral nerve
	Sensory modality shift from mechanical to nociceptive	Spinal cord
	Central sensitization to bladder filling	Brainstem or thalamus
Urgency due to pain; Urination >10 times per day and >2 times per night	Sensory axon reflex impacting detrusor sensitivity to parasympathetic efferents	Peripheral nerve
	Detrusor hyperreflexia	Spinal cord
	Inadequate detrusor inhibition from pontine centers due to pain sensitization	Brainstem