Table 2.
Plasma cytokine levels compared between cases just prior to HIV-1 infection and HIV-1-uninfected controls
| Cytokine | LOD (pg/mL) |
Cases n=162 |
External Controls n=470 |
p-value c,d | Resistant women n=86 |
p-value c,e | Subset of Cases f n=65 |
Internal controls n=65 |
p-value c,g |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % detectable | % detectable | % detectable | % detectable | % detectable | |||||
| GMCSF a | 1.63 | 26% | 24% | 0.59 | 28% | 0.74 | 25% | 15% | 0.08 |
| IFN-γ a | 1.67 | 32% | 31% | 0.81 | 29% | 0.62 | 34% | 28% | 0.41 |
| IL-1β a | 1.00 | 14% | 18% | 0.28 | 17% | 0.50 | 14% | 18% | 0.44 |
| IL-2 a | 1.09 | 19% | 21% | 0.60 | 23% | 0.45 | 17% | 18% | 0.83 |
| IL-4 a | 2.06 | 40% | 36% | 0.32 | 31% | 0.18 | 38% | 35% | 0.69 |
| IL-5 a | 1.02 | 16% | 14% | 0.58 | 20% | 0.46 | 17% | 20% | 0.64 |
| IL-7 a | 1.45 | 48% | 42% | 0.15 | 34% | 0.03 | 42% | 45% | 0.72 |
| IL-12 a | 2.30 | 9% | 11% | 0.48 | 12% | 0.56 | 9% | 15% | 0.21 |
| IL-13 a | 2.30 | 15% | 19% | 0.29 | 14% | 0.86 | 12% | 18% | 0.16 |
| Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | |||||
| IL-6b | 1.64 | 5.7 (2.7–12.5) | 6.0 (2.9–13.4) | 0.83 | 5.8 (3.6, 14.7) | 0.51 | 4.8 (2.8 – 8.3) | 8.6 (4.4 – 13.6) | 0.009 |
| IL-8b | 1.02 | 49.0 (17.5 – 160) | 41.9 (14.3–125) | 0.19 | 37.5 (14.6, 105) | 0.30 | 38.1 (20.5 – 98.7) | 36.9 (22.8 – 119) | 0.88 |
| IL-10 b | 1.35 | 13.6 (7.7–26.9) | 14.6 (8.7–26.4) | 0.37 | 12.5 (8.1, 23.6) | 0.87 | 10.5 (6.4 – 23.3) | 13.8 (7.6 – 31.7) | 0.02 |
| TNF-αb | 0.98 | 6.2 (4.2 – 8.9) | 5.85 (4.0–8.71) | 0.37 | 6.4 (4.1, 8.9) | 0.89 | 5.5 (3.5 – 8.2) | 6.4 (5.4 – 8.6) | 0.07 |
Abbreviations: LOD, limit of detection; GMCSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IQR, interquartile range.
Data was dichotomized for cytokines in which <80% of data was above detection
Continuous data was analyzed for cytokines in which >80% of data was above detection
Nominal p-value is reported. Significant associations in bold did not remain significant after controlling for a false discovery rate of 5%.
Difference observed between cases and external controls
Difference observed between cases and resistant women
Subset of cases that had an internal control sample available 9–12 months prior to HIV infection
Difference observed between case subset and internal control samples