TABLE 2—
Estimated Odds Ratios of Having Diabetes by Race, Concentrated Poverty, and Racial Composition of Neighborhood: 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and 2000 US Census
| Variable | Base Model, OR (95% CI) | Race–Place Model, OR (95% CI) |
| Individual race | ||
| White (Ref) | 1.00 | … |
| Black | 1.63 (0.94, 2.83) | … |
| Concentrated poverty | ||
| Nonpoor neighborhood (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Poor neighborhood | 1.02 (0.45, 1.93) | 1.13 (0.75, 1.72) |
| Neighborhood racial composition | ||
| Predominantly White neighborhood (Ref) | 1.00 | … |
| Predominantly Black neighborhood | 0.93 (0.45, 1.93) | … |
| Predominantly other race neighborhood | 1.16 (0.63, 2.14) | … |
| Integrated neighborhood | 1.30 (0.90, 1.88) | … |
| Race–place individual race and neighborhood racial composition | ||
| White in White neighborhood (Ref) | … | 1.00 |
| White in Black neighborhood | … | 1.70 (0.24, 11.87) |
| White in other race neighborhood | … | 1.32 (0.34, 5.11) |
| White in integrated neighborhood | … | 1.32 (0.78, 2.24) |
| Black in Black neighborhood | … | 1.44 (0.92, 2.25) |
| Black in White neighborhood | … | 1.78 (0.87, 3.66) |
| Black in other race neighborhood | … | 1.30 (0.31, 5.55) |
| Black in integrated neighborhood | … | 2.13** (1.26, 3.60) |
| Individual poverty | ||
| Household poverty ≥400% (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Household poverty 300%–399% FPL | 1.44 (0.92, 2.28) | 1.56 (0.96, 2.53) |
| Household poverty 200%–299% FPL | 1.48 (0.93, 2.37) | 1.65* (1.01, 2.68) |
| Household poverty 100%–199% FPL | 1.93** (1.21, 3.07) | 2.19** (1.33, 3.61) |
| Household poverty below FPL | 1.93* (1.09, 3.45) | 2.35** (1.26, 4.40) |
| Gender | ||
| Female (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 2.02*** (1.59, 2.56) | 2.17*** (1.64, 2.86) |
| Family history of diabetes | ||
| No family history of diabetes (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Family history of diabetes | 3.27*** (2.54, 4.21) | 2.94*** (2.22, 3.88) |
| Educational attainment | ||
| < 9th grade | 1.19 (0.79, 1.79) | 1.01 (0.60, 1.70) |
| 9th–12th grade, no diploma | 1.08 (0.71, 1.64) | 1.00 (0.63, 1.58) |
| High-school graduate (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Some college | 1.12 (0.79, 1.57) | 1.07 (0.75, 1.54) |
| ≥ college graduate | 0.64 (0.36, 1.13) | 0.61 (0.33, 1.14) |
| Health insurance status | ||
| Private insurance (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Medicare | 1.26 (0.92, 1.72) | 1.29 (0.90, 1.84) |
| Medicaid, SCHIP, or other government insurance | 1.05 (0.63, 1.77) | 0.90 (0.51, 1.58) |
| No insurance | 0.77 (0.51, 1.16) | 0.65 (0.36, 1.17) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; FPL = federal poverty level; OR = odds ratio; SCHIP = state children’s health insurance program. The models controlled for age and quadratic age, which were significant predictors (P < .001).
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.