TABLE 3—
Estimated Odds Ratios of Having Diabetes With Control for the Nexus of Poverty–Place and Race–Poverty–Place: 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and 2000 US Census
| Variable | Poverty–Place Model, OR (95% CI) | Race–Poverty–Place Model, OR (95% CI) |
| Individual race | ||
| White (Ref) | 1.00 | … |
| Black | 1.59* (1.11, 2.28) | … |
| Poverty–place individual poverty and neighborhood poverty concentration | ||
| Nonpoor in nonpoor neighborhood (Ref) | 1.00 | … |
| Poor in nonpoor neighborhood | 1.67** (1.14, 2.44) | … |
| Nonpoor in poor neighborhood | 1.26 (0.72, 2.21) | … |
| Poor in poor neighborhood | 1.98* (1.16, 3.39) | … |
| Race–place–poverty individual race and poverty and neighborhood poverty concentration | ||
| Nonpoor White in nonpoor neighborhood (Ref) | … | 1.00 |
| Nonpoor White in poor neighborhood | … | 1.07 (0.44, 2.59) |
| Poor White in nonpoor neighborhood | … | 1.73** (1.16, 2.57) |
| Poor White in poor neighborhood | … | 2.51** (1.31, 4.81) |
| Nonpoor Black in nonpoor neighborhood | … | 2.08** (1.26, 3.44) |
| Nonpoor Black in poor neighborhood | … | 2.49*** (1.48, 4.19) |
| Poor Black in nonpoor neighborhood | … | 2.34* (1.22, 4.46) |
| Poor Black in poor neighborhood | … | 2.45*** (1.50, 4.01) |
| Gender | ||
| Female (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 2.15 (1.63, 2.85) | 2.15*** (1.63, 2.84) |
| Family history of diabetes | ||
| No family history of diabetes (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Family history of diabetes | 2.95*** (2.21, 3.92) | 2.94*** (2.21, 3.91) |
| Educational attainment | ||
| < 9th grade | 1.04 (0.62, 1.73) | 1.05 (0.63, 1.74) |
| 9th–12th grade, no diploma | 1.03 (0.65, 1.64) | 1.05 (0.66, 1.66) |
| High-school graduate (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Some college | 1.05 (0.73, 1.49) | 1.05 (0.74, 1.49) |
| ≥ college graduate | 0.55 (0.30, 1.01) | 0.55 (0.30, 1.01) |
| Health insurance status | ||
| Private insurance (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Medicare | 1.34 (0.94, 1.90) | 1.33 (0.92, 1.89) |
| Medicaid, SCHIP, or other government insurance | 0.96 (0.54, 1.71) | 0.97 (0.55, 1.72) |
| No insurance | 0.70 (0.39, 1.27) | 0.70 (0.40, 1.23) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio; SCHIP = state children’s health insurance program. The models controlled for age and quadratic age, which were significant predictors (P < .001).
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.