Table 1.

Results of moderator analyses of positive affect.

Moderator	Level	k	Estimate	[95% CI]	p	p for diff
Task	Feedback (Ref)	4	0.047	[−0.095, 0.189]	0.519
	Stand	6	0.272	[0.113, 0.432]	0.0008	0.039
	Stick	14	0.251	[0.165, 0.337]	<0.0001	0.016
Instruction	Implicit (Ref)	7	0.028	[−0.069, 0.126]	0.572
	Explicit	14	0.287	[0.204, 0.369]	<0.0001	<0.0001
	Explicit-converted	3	0.287	[0.146, 0.429]	<0.0001	0.0031
Stimulus type	Faces (Ref)	15	0.148	[0.056, 0.241]	0.0017
	Pictures	4	0.203	[0.022, 0.383]	0.028	0.600
	Words	5	0.339	[0.211, 0.467]	<0.0001	0.018
Design	Independent	1	0.677	[−0.107, 1.460]	0.091
	Repeated	23	0.212	[0.137, 0.287]	<0.0001	0.247
Valence	Explicit	24	0.216	[0.141, 0.292]	<0.0001
	Implicit	1	0.808	[0.486, 1.130]	<0.0001	0.0005

Note. Ref, reference level that was deemed most informative for the comparison; k, number of studies; [95% CI], 95% confidence interval; p, p-value for each level; p for diff, p-value for difference between respective level and reference level. Task: Stand, vertical button stand; Joystick, joystick/lever; Feedback, feedback-joystick. Stimulus type: Words, emotional words; Pictures, emotional pictures; Faces, emotional facial expressions. Design: Repeated, repeated measures design; Independent, independent groups design. Valence: Explicit, explicitly valenced stimuli; Implicit, implicitly valenced stimuli.